Free Essays on Agriculture

Farming was the most significant monetary action in America from the establishing of Virginia in 1607 to around 1890. Albeit cultivating declined quickly in relative financial significance in the twentieth century, U.S. agribusiness kept on being the most proficient and profitable on the planet. Its prosperity laid on plentiful ripe soil, a moderate atmosphere, the simplicity of private land possession, developing markets for ranch produce at home and abroad, and the use of science and innovation to cultivate tasks. The main pioneers, finding that European farming couldn't without much of a stretch be moved to the new condition, received the Indian acts of raising corn, squash, tobacco, and different harvests. From the earliest starting point corn, developed in all the settlements, was the main food crop. Tobacco, which was sent out to procure outside trade, was brought for the most part up in Virginia and Maryland. In New England, ranchers on little acreages raised corn, oats, and rye, vegetables and organic products, and animals, particularly dairy cattle and sheep. In the focal states of New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey wheat was the significant yield. Ranchers there were likewise substantial makers of domesticated animals and animal items, just as foods grown from the ground. Most ranchers in early America were to a great extent independent, creating enough for their family needs, yet additionally some overflow available to be purchased. Horticulture from Maryland, and southward, was more specific and popularized than in the North. Corn was the fundamental grain and food crop, however tobacco, rice, and indigo were the chief fare crops. The manor framework was created regarding the creation of tobacco and rice, with dark slaves giving a great part of the work by the late seventeenth century. Cotton was developed for home use in the late eighteenth century, but since it was hard to remove the seeds it didn't turn into a significant business crop until after the creation of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Ranchers at that point utilized cr... Free Essays on Agriculture Free Essays on Agriculture Agribusiness was the most significant monetary movement in America from the establishing of Virginia in 1607 to around 1890. Albeit cultivating declined quickly in relative financial significance in the twentieth century, U.S. farming kept on being the most proficient and profitable on the planet. Its prosperity laid on plentiful prolific soil, a moderate atmosphere, the simplicity of private land proprietorship, developing markets for ranch produce at home and abroad, and the use of science and innovation to cultivate tasks. The main pioneers, finding that European farming couldn't undoubtedly be moved to the new condition, received the Indian acts of raising corn, squash, tobacco, and different yields. From the earliest starting point corn, developed in all the settlements, was the main food crop. Tobacco, which was sent out to gain outside trade, was brought for the most part up in Virginia and Maryland. In New England, ranchers on little acreages raised corn, oats, and rye, vegetables and organic products, and domesticated animals, particularly steers and sheep. In the focal provinces of New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey wheat was the significant yield. Ranchers there were additionally overwhelming makers of domesticated animals and animal items, just as foods grown from the ground. Most ranchers in early America were to a great extent independent, creating enough for their family needs, yet in addition some overflow available to be purchased. Agribusiness from Maryland, and southward, was more particular and marketed than in the North. Corn was the primary grain and food crop, however tobacco, rice, and indigo were the chief fare crops. The manor framework was created regarding the creation of tobacco and rice, with dark slaves giving a great part of the work by the late seventeenth century. Cotton was developed for home use in the late eighteenth century, but since it was hard to separate the seeds it didn't turn into a significant business crop until after the innovation of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Ranchers at that point utilized cr...

Best Writing Apps and Tools of 2018 - Freewrite Store

Best Writing Apps and Tools of 2018 - Freewrite Store Composing Software that Will Blow Your Mind Today’s visitor post is by Matt Grant. Matt is a Brooklyn-based author and editor. His work has showed up in Literary Hub, Book Riot, HuffPost, and BookBrowse. Find Mattâ online, or tail him on Twitter and Facebook. Composing Software that Will Blow Your Mind As journalists, we realize that our specialty requires some investment and vitality. The exact opposite thing we need is to get hindered in the process itself. Past the fundamental story, we’re frequently additionally battling to monitor character subtleties, side plots, and arbitrary flashes of motivation for parts of the story we’re not in any event, taking a shot at yet. We need a strong spot to keep the entirety of this data in one, effectively open spot. Fortunately, gone are where you took a seat at a typewriter and composed everything in one long report. However one of the most disappointing things in our innovative age is to connect away on a work progress, just to get sidelined by awful or slow programming. The following is a rundown of the absolute best arranging, composing and altering programming accessible today with astounding highlights you didn’t realize you required. Also, the best part is, a significant number of them are free. Arranging: Scapple Scapple, by the people at Literature and Latte, is a fundamental psyche mapping instrument. It’s overly straightforward and simple to utilize. Everything you do is make notes and interface them to each other by relocating them onto each other. Notes can be modified by shading and size, in spite of the fact that these choices are restricted. This can really be something to be thankful for, however, since you can’t sit around idly much time stressing over creation your guide look beautiful. Scapple makes conceptualizing simple, however fun. It’s like having an unending measure of paper available to you. Coming up short on room? Don't worry about it, you can without much of a stretch zoom out of your working zone and start another guide or association in another territory. yWriter †FREE! (Windows Only) yWriter is a free word processor for Windows PCs. Worked by an essayist for authors, the program separates your novel into scenes or sections, making it simpler for you to monitor what goes where. You can make character cards and labels, and include a great deal of accommodating adaptable notes to your scenes, for example, the hour of day it happens and to what extent the scene should last. Because of its straightforwardness, I wouldn’t suggest yWriter for composing a full novel, despite the fact that it has been finished. There are considerably more propelled programs for that. yWriter is better for arranging out your story scene by scene. Be that as it may, if you’re on a tight spending plan, yWriter will take care of business! Composing: Scrivener I’ve been utilizing Scrivener for quite a long while at this point, and it’s hands-down the best thing that could have happened to my composition. Scrivener is one of most well known composing apparatuses accessible today. It’s far beyond only a word processor †it’s a novel-producing machine. Like yWriter, Scrivener permits you to separate your task into various parts, however it’s not simply bound to sections or scenes. You can have a flashback, a concise trade between characters, or a whole short story in one record. These can be altered independently, permitting you to concentrate on only one little piece of your work, or in â€Å"Scrivenings Mode,† which interfaces together a progression of scenes, similar to an entire first act. There are huge amounts of simple to-utilize, adjustable highlights like split-screen, a computerized note card outliner, a cover, and my undisputed top choice, make mode.  On the off chance that everything appears to be overpowering, you don’t need to utilize the entirety of the highlights. With Scrivener, you can discover what works for you. It’s likewise modest †at under $50, Scrivener is an outright take. Runner †FREE! On the off chance that you like â€Å"word sprints† †speedy, 15-minute explosions of composing †consider checking out Sprinter. Runner is a straightforward, interruption free electronic composing program with a clock. You basically begin composing, and the clock on the correct side of the page starts its commencement. Need over 15 minutes? Don't worry about it, set the clock for whatever length of time that you wish. You can likewise make the most of a word objective. Runner is extraordinary for conceptualizing, streak fiction, composing prompts, and then some. On the off chance that you have to spare your work for some other time, make a Postbox record and sync to Dropbox, Google Drive, and Evernote. Ulysses (Mac as it were) Like Scrivener, Ulysses is an adaptable composing device with bunches of extraordinary highlights. You can arrange your composition by venture or subject, join documents, set composing objectives, and add connections and pictures to your content easily. Ulysses uses a reasonable, clean, and wonderful interface. The editorial manager permits you to pick your own hues, traces, and more.â â Probably the best advantage of Ulysses is its synchronization abilities. The program matches up consistently with iCloud and takes a shot at iOS also, so you can compose anyplace you are, on any gadget. It additionally incorporates with Dropbox, making it simple to work together with others. iaWriter (Mac and Android just †FREE on Android!) iaWriter wins its place on this rundown on the grounds that it’s a reasonable and clean plain-content manager with the absolute most significant highlights of the others, yet at a much lower cost. iaWriter probably won't be as flexible as Ulysses and Scrivener, however it takes a shot at similar standards. Probably the coolest element that set iaWriter separated is Focus Mode, which diminishes everything aside from the present sentence you’re dealing with. You’re sure to have better and more grounded sentences in the wake of utilizing it. Grammar Control makes Focus Mode stunningly better by featuring your sentence’s syntactic structure. With the most recent variant of iaWriter, you can even add pictures and tables to content squares, on the off chance that you’re dealing with some different option from a clear novel. Altering: Hemingway Editor †FREE! On the off chance that you haven’t been utilizing this free web based altering programming that features your sentence structure and grammar, you’ve been passing up a major opportunity. Essentially reorder your content into the Hemingway Editor’s interface, and it will demonstrate you what should be fixed. Things like excessively complex structures, utilization of aloof voice, and lucidness all become in a split second featured and shading coded, permitting you to see all issues initially. You can even configuration your content into headings, subheadings, and include statements and connections. There’s a paid work area form that works disconnected also. Grammarly †FREE! Grammarly is a flawless little program expansion that does basically something very similar the Hemingway Editor does, yet progressively. It will feature spelling and language structure mistakes and recommend fixes. Grammarly likewise sends week after week messages summing up your altering details. You can quit if this component in the event that you wish. The best thing about this free module is that it deals with most sites and content boxes, including Gmail and web based life locales. Use it, and you’ll never unintentionally send an unedited tweet again! With regards to your composing ventures, don’t settle for only a clear word processor any longer. With such a great amount of innovation readily available, there are a large number of composing devices and applications accessible that can make your composing time more beneficial and pleasant than any time in recent memory. However each program is as one of a kind and distinctive as each essayist. Recollect that few out of every odd program is going to accommodate your specific needs and style. In the event that you’re going through cash, set aside some effort to pick a program that will work for you. The majority of these projects offer preliminary forms, so invest energy learning them and working out their highlights before you pay. Just don’t take too long †your work in progress despite everything needs your consideration too! What composing programming do you depend on? Do you have any projects that you love and would prescribe to other people? Tell us in the remarks!  Matt Grantâ loves to expound on composing, business, and all types of popularâ culture †books, film, and TV. Matt began composing DVD audits for Pop Mattersâ in 2012, and in 2016, he finished on a long lasting dream by propelling low maintenance composing business atâ www.mattgrantwriter.com. From that point forward, Matt’s work has showed up in Literary Hub, Book Riot, HuffPost, and BookBrowse, and he has a few continuous clients. His first close to home essay, Swimming Lessons,â is being distributed in LongReads toward the finish of August. Matt is likewise at present working diligently on his first novel, a comedic take on dream tropes for youthful grown-ups. When not composing or perusing, Matt works in youth improvement as an after-school program directorâ for one of the biggest center schools in Manhattan. Matt lives in Brooklyn with his significant other, Katelyn. You can discover him online atâ www.mattgrantwriter.com, on Twitter @mattgr antwriter, and on Facebookâ @mattgrantwriter. Best Writing Apps and Tools of 2018 - Freewrite Store Composing Software that Will Blow Your Mind Today’s visitor post is by Matt Grant. Matt is a Brooklyn-based author and editor. His work has showed up in Literary Hub, Book Riot, HuffPost, and BookBrowse. Find Mattâ online, or tail him on Twitter and Facebook. Composing Software that Will Blow Your Mind As journalists, we realize that our specialty requires significant investment and vitality. The exact opposite thing we need is to get impeded in the process itself. Past the fundamental story, we’re regularly likewise battling to monitor character subtleties, side plots, and arbitrary flashes of motivation for parts of the story we’re not in any event, taking a shot at yet. We need a strong spot to keep the entirety of this data in one, effectively open spot. Fortunately, gone are where you took a seat at a typewriter and composed everything in one long record. However o

Second Earl Of Rochester Essay -- essays research papers

The humorists shared an ability for causing others to feel awkward, especially by making them mindful of their own ethical insufficiencies. They utilized incongruity, scorn, and mind to assault human bad habit or imprudence. One strategy the comedian used to get their perusers' consideration, while likewise causing them to feel awkward, was to depict those things that were esteemed improper to talk about transparently in the public eye. The old style case of a theme that was talked about away from plain view, yet the humorist utilized uninhibitedly, was sex. Notice of such things as sex can continually bring a snicker, energize sentiments of concealed enthusiasm, or make one's cheeks blushing from humiliation. John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester, and Jonathan Swift, were two humorist that were noted for utilizing unreasonable language and realistic portrayals to evoke wanted feelings from their perusers and to wage their assaults on human imprudence. To comprehend Rochester's utilization of sex in his work, one must comprehend his dislike for reason. This can be found in his sonnet, A Satyr Against Mankind, when he remarks: "Women and Men of mind, are dang'rous instruments, and ever lethal to respecting fools." Rochester saw reason as a bad habit instead of an honorable quality in man. At the point when man followed a strategy that was prompted by reason he transformed into a weakling who regularly sold out his goals, his family, and his companions. Rochester accepted that to appreciate genuine joy one must follow a course directed by enthusiasm. In contrast to reason, the interests don't sell out one's faculties and standards. As indicated by Rochester, the interests characterize who an individual is on the grounds that the interests envelop one's feelings and wants. Reason can't completely understand something like this. Rochester features this faith in his sonnet's with stories of desire and sexual innuendoes. He utilizes unreasonable language and points not exclusively to ridicule those that accept reason is simply the human workforce that can realize smugness, yet additionally to depict to his perusers that sexy joy is the most elevated joy in light of the fact that erotic joy is gotten from energy, not reason. Rochester's sonnets once in a while talk about affection in the customary sense; rather, he examines it in a real setting. Normally, this would achieve the anger in any moralist. His sonnets make reference to antiquated figures that draw on pictures of mass blow-outs and revelry. He frequently utilizes language that inspires pictures of human... ...llivers Travels energize the consideration of the peruser as well as leave the peruser with a critical impression of the cutting edge world. In the event that Gulliver had left a portrayal of a heap of soil rather than his pee methodology, the peruser would maybe see his work as exhausting, however not as comedic or shocking. The stories would have lost their deprecatory tone, their sarcastic edge, and their comedic nature had Swift not utilized such pictures. Such pictures and language are a one of a kind component of mocking composition. Humorist needed to assault the indecencies of the network and dazzle a picture on their perusers. They, be that as it may, couldn't achieve this through flat social discourse. Each artistic style has certain devices to catch its crowds. The sentimental people utilized productive language and otherworldly pictures. The pragmatist utilized pictures and words that captured how life truly was. The comedian utilized mind, incongruity, mockery, just as rough pictures and language. On the off chance that they neglected to utilize these apparatuses, at that point their assaults were not paid attention to and their words were not recalled. Rochester and Swift didn't neglect to utilize their ironical characteristics and their impact on the artistic world stays right up 'til today.

Poets Quants ranks Hult 28th Best Undergraduate Business School

We’re excited to announce our huge ascent in Poets Quants rankings to 28th place asBest Undergraduate Business School! We are incredibly proud of our talent pool of superstar students and faculty that have taken the undergraduate program from strength to strength, alongside the most prestigious schools around the world. The news is backed by further notable rankings in the subcategories, including: Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021 Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021"> During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . Happy New Year, Hultians! . Happy New Year, Hultians! .

Diabetes Mellitus A Group Of Metabolic Diseases...

Diabetes Mellitus is â€Å"a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a disease which is caused by the insufficient insulin secretion or decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. It is a serious problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. The hyperglycemia is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. It’s associated with many complications which includes blindness of the eyes and amputations of the extremities. It is also associated with neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases which lead to mortalities. Since diabetes is one of the most†¦show more content†¦It more commonly affects the adults, especially elderly. Type 2 diabetes is also determined by several different genes. Many patients with type 2 diabetes have the family history of diabetes mellitus. Maternal history also plays a major role in the prevalence of the disease. The main issue is the sensitivity of the peripheral tissues decreases to the circulating insulin which is also called as insulin resistance. The most common symptoms of diabetes mellitus are chronic elevated blood glucose level. Glycosuria is a condition in which the kidneys excrete increased glucose as they are unable to reabsorb the excess amount. This leads to fluid and electrolyte excretion which leads to electrolyte imbalance and dehydration. Loss of glucose leads to increase in the use of fats and protein for the energy, which leads to accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood which leads to ketoacidosis (could be fatal). Generic Name Insulin Trade Name Humulin (R/N), Novolin (R/N) Drug Class Antidiabetic agent Pharmacokinetics Well absorbed from subcutaneous administration and metabolized by liver spleen, kidney and liver. Indications Diabetes mellitus Mechanism of Actions Binds to the receptors located on the target cells triggers changes in cellular activity Increase the glucose uptake by cell membrane of the skeletal muscle cells and fat cells, increased protein synthesis Side Effects Hypoglycemia, allergic reactions SignificantShow MoreRelatedThe Management Of Patients With Diabetes1303 Words   |  6 Pages Diabetes mellitus MANAGEMENT The management of patients with diabetes is classified in the current review under the following categories: a) Non-Pharmacological, b) Pharmacological, c) Monitoring of glycemic control, d) Prevention, e) Clinic organization and f) Referral and admission. The psycho-social impact of the disease should not be underestimated. Doctors should learn the communication skills as well as the skills of breaking bad news to patients when informing them of the diagnosis forRead MoreEar Infection: Overview of Otitis Externa1152 Words   |  5 Pagesit to not get proper air. Otitis externa is diagnosed by a culture taken from the ear canal. Once the diagnosis is made, treatment begins with, antibiotics or steroid drops. These drugs are used are used to treat the inflammation in the ear. This condition is very painful, because of the inflammation and swelling of the auditory canal. Patients may also complain of hearing loss and purulent (pus like) drainage from the ear. To cure the condition and not have it return patients must keep theRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : Long Term Damage1144 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology, characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs (1). There are two main types of diabetes (2-6); Type 1 diabetes (T1B) usually develops in childhood and adolescence and patients requireRead MoreDiabetes, The, And Epidemiology Of This Disease2070 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION Diabetes is one of the fastest growing and costly medical conditions that is present in our world today. Researchers suggest that over that last five to ten years, the numbers continue to increase rapidly. The rate of increase has been so rapid in the developed and developing world that it has become a worldwide concern- one of epidemic proportions. During this paper we will be discussing what diabetes is, its clinical manifestations, the pathogenesis and epidemiology of this disease. We willRead MoreLifelong Changes Necessary for Diabetes Mellitus1751 Words   |  7 PagesDiabetes Mellitus is a common chronic disease requiring lifelong behavioral and lifestyle changes. It’s a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from lack of insulin, of insulin resistance, or both. It is a major public health problem worldwide and also a leading cause of new cases of blindness, end stage kidney disease, and foot or leg amputation. 3 General classifications of Diabetes Mellitus are: type 1 and type and Gestational. 1. Identify and compare risk factors forRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus Type 1 And Type 21675 Words   |  7 Pagesto The American Diabetes Association, â€Å"Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels† (p.1). There are two types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. Insulin management is needed for type 1 diabetes, because it isRead MoreDiabetes Is A Group Of Metabolic Diseases1505 Words   |  7 Pages Diabetes in African American Populations Melanie Barber, MSN Student MPH 855 Principles of Epidemiology Department of Baccalaureate Graduate Nursing, Eastern Kentucky University Richmond, KY November 21, 2016 According to the American Diabetes Association, diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia associated with diabetes results in failure of variousRead MoreThe Complications Associated With Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm )2460 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract This paper explores the complications associated with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) including altered tissue perfusion. Altered tissue perfusion occurs as a result of DM and can cause many complications such as diabetic foot ulcers. Although altered tissue perfusion is not the only cause of ulcers, it contributes to the acceleration and degeneration of tissue once an ulcer forms. This paper also covers nursing diagnoses, individualized nursing interventions, patient and treatment goals as wellRead MoreTaking a Look at Peripheral Neuropathy1118 Words   |  4 Pagesnerve disease, a proper diagnosis is needed for the definition to be specified. The overall prevalence of the condition is about 2400 (2 ·4%) per 100 000 population, but in people older than 55 years, the prevalence rises to about 8000 (8%) per 100 000. (Simpson, 2010) Yet this does not include traumatic peripheral nerve injuries meaning that the number of peripheral neuropathy in our society is greater. In first w orld countries, the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy is diabetes mellitus. DiabetesRead MorePatients With Impaired Glucose Tolerance2168 Words   |  9 Pagesdeveloping type 2 diabetes. Consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks in excess is associated with an increased risk. The type of fats in the diet is also important, with saturated fats and trans fatty acids increasing the risk and polyunsaturated and rnonounsaturated fat decreasing the risk. Eating lots of white rice appears to also play a role in increasing risk. Nutrition recommendations for a healthy lifestyle for the general public are also appropriate for persons with type 2 diabetes. Because many

Freedom the privilege for women to be just as capable as...

Freedom: the privilege for women to be just as capable as men. In 1848, the first women’s convention took place in New York, there was continues discussing about the rights that women had. For example, a popular topic was applying for a job. Most men thought that women weren’t capable of working in an office; they thought that women should stay home, look after the children, while cleaning the house. Little did men know how inconsiderate they were being, how successful women have been throughout time and how much of an impact they have made to the world. Women proved men that they can achieve anything in life if they work hard for it. A campaign for women was formed before the Civil War began; they tried forming an alliance to strike†¦show more content†¦Many thought they were wasting their time, years and years passed and they still weren’t going anywhere. In 1857, women were finally allowed to divorce husbands who were treating them unfairly. For example some women were forced to stay with their husbands, government didn’t think they had the right to leave their husbands unless the husbands themselves agreed to. In the 1870’s they were allowed to keep hold of the money they obtained, and 7 years later they weren’t forced to live with spouse they didn’t want to. In the 1900’s the employment of women increased dramatically, there most popular employment was domestic servants then teachers. Women should have the right to vote because the laws that are voted for are affected for both g enders. If there were any laws that would affect children, women would have a better understanding of the situation better than men. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 also helped women by being against discrimination with the payment they received, it was a success for women. President John F. Kennedy signed the act boosted women’s enthusiasm for their goal. In March, every year there is a women’s history month. It signifies all the events and honors women who never gave up, no matter how many people told them they weren’t good enough. It was an incredible idea to congratulate women in history and now for standing up for themselves. Women’s suffrage was women’s rights to vote, back in the mid 19th century a male wasShow MoreRelatedWomens Suffrage in the 1800’s-19th Century Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pages Women, like black slaves, were treated unequally from the male before the nineteenth century. The role of the women played the part of their description, physically and emotionally weak, which during this time period all women did was took care of their household and husband, and followed their orders. Women were classified as the â€Å"weaker sex† or below the standards of men in the early part of the century. Soon after the decades unfolded, women gradually surfaced to breathe the airRead MoreWomens Liberation in the 1920s Essay example1652 Words   |  7 Pagesopportunity. It is a place of rebirth, hope, and freedom. However, it was not always like that for women. Many times in history women were oppressed, belittled, and deprived of the opportunity to learn and work in their desired profession. Instead, their life was confined to the home and family. While this was a noble role, many females felt that they were being restricted and therefore desired more independence. In America, women started to break the mold in 1848 and continued to push for social, politicalRead MoreWomen s Suffrage During The N ineteenth Century1932 Words   |  8 Pagesslavery. The debate was resolved—albeit temporarily—by the Compromise of 1850. All the while, women in the United States were also pushing for equality. Although women did not receive the right to vote until the Nineteenth Amendment was passed in 1920, the women s suffrage movement picked up measurable gains during the time around 1850. Most notably there is the first women’s rights convention, held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York. This event was spearheaded by famous American suffragist ElizabethRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by MichaelRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pagesdevil Confession of guilt: trying to prove either the actus reus or the mens rea. Torture people to get them to confess and name accomplices Confessional devices/Torture devices Inquisitional Chair: Made of iron, spikes to pierce the skin and would heat as well Iron Spider: Hung from ceiling Cat’s Paw: Scratch individual Judas’ Cradle: Hoisted above stool and released on it Strappado: Individual left to hand, dropped just of ground Heretic’s Fork: Sharp device around neck, pierce neck and chin Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesAn Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce Diversity 32 EthicalRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagesinsurance market, and value for consumers so rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 23 that their premiums are used for services. 24 ‘‘(c) SUNSET.—Subsections (a) and (b) shall not 25 apply to health insurance coverage on and after the first †¢HR 3962 IH VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:56 Oct 30, 2009 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00027 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3962.IH H3962 28 1 date that health insurance coverage is offered through the 2 Health Insurance Exchange

Art vs. Design free essay sample

An overview of the historical debate on the differences between arts and crafts, fine arts and applied arts, aesthetic requirements, and an example (19th Century French poster artist Jules Cheret). The twentieth centurys distinction between design and art derives from the sudden and overwhelming growth of technological innovation, and the commercial demand for applied design, during the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century. The primary distinction was between the so-called high arts of painting, sculpture and architecture, and decorative or applied design (Collins 17). This differentiation between art and design is sometimes perceived as an unfair elevation of art at the expense of design. Yet, so long as the distinction is based on such qualities as reproducibility, methods of production, or function, it is both valid and valuable. If, however, the differences between art and design are cited as criteria of aesthetic, or even moral, value, the distinction does not hold up, and is of little value to understanding either type

To What Extent Does Oedipus Cause His Own Downfall free essay sample

Oedipus’ fate was determined by the Oracle, the cause for his demise was himself. One aspect of Oedipus personality that leads to his downfall is his constant search for truth. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Does Oedipus Cause His Own Downfall or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Throughout the play, Oedipus is always trying to discover something whether it be about himself or an attempt at uncovering someone else as an enemy. If he hadn’t been in that mindset, he may have been able to keep himself oblivious from his mistakes. Another aspect of Oedipus personality that causes his misfortune is his hubris. Oedipus hubris causes him to act impulsively and disregard the advice of others which in the end, doesn’t pay off. At the start of the play Oedipus announces to the Thebans â€Å"I shall shrink from nothing in my search to find the murderer of Laius† (pg. 16). Although this is the plan of action that most Thebans would want, in reality, the city and Oedipus have nothing to gain from finding the murderer of Laius but a sense of justice, this highlights Oedipus unnecessary search for truth. Had Oedipus not even begun an in depth search for Laius’ killer, the tragedy would not have taken place. It was a selfish search for an invaluable piece of information to begin with, that is why his search for the truth is not beneficial. Also, part way through his journey towards his downfall he decides to investigate his own identity. Jocasta advises against it strongly but he ignores her. Him of all people, assuming he recognizes that he has killed people in the past, has a wife old enough to be his mother and has a prophecy foretold about him that is beyond horrifying, chooses to point out his own faults by pursuing his own identity. He should have taken in to account that he isn’t perfect, and perhaps shedding light on his past for any reason wouldn’t have a positive outcome because no matter how you slice it, Oedipus is a murderer regardless of whom he thought he killed. But he still chooses to follow through with his search. Had he not found out that he was his wife’s son, Jocasta would have no reason to kill herself and he would have no reason to take out his eyes. He could have lived happily even though his wife was also his mother as long as he kept himself from finding out. This is why his personal choice to expose his identity leads to his demise. In terms of how the play could have ended, Oedipus chooses to search for himself, therefore choosing tragedy. Throughout the play, Oedipus has an overwhelming sense of confidence (his hubris) that isn’t humble in the least; his tragic flaw. With every choice and accusation he makes he has a passionate knowledge that he is doing the right thing, which is untrue. It is his choice to be this cocky though, which is why any consequences resulting from his hubris are no one’s fault but his own. At the start of the play, Tiresius says to Oedipus â€Å"Dismiss me, send me home. That will be the easiest way for both of us to bear our burden. † (pg. 19) advising Oedipus to end his search, and return to being king of Thebes. But instead of piecing the information together that not only is Tiresius an excellent giver of advice because of his wisdom, and it is possible that the man he killed on his way from Corinth may have been Laius, he selfishly draws to the conclusion that Tiresius is trying to attack him; when Tiresius announces that Oedipus’ is the murderer, Oedipus reacts defensively instead of apologetically, which highlights the fact that Oedipus doesn’t see himself as someone that can do wrong. His hubris causes him to not only ignore Tiresius’ advice but also to anger and offend him long before Tiresius had revealed anything. Later on in the play, Oedipus says to Creon â€Å"that fact shows what a disloyal friend you are† (p. 33) criticizing the fact that Creon must be plotting against him even though he has nothing to gain. This is a mistake, and although there are no direct consequences of his accusation, Creon was on Oedipus side from the beginning, and did all he could to help; by introducing Tiresius to Oedipus. When we meet Creon again later, after it’s revealed that Oedipus killed Laius, he is aggressive and very cold. Had Oedipus not offended Creon, Creon may have been there with him for the long haul, but instead Oedipus chose to offend his friend through his hubris, choosing to solve the mystery without help, leading to his tragic discovery. Towards the end of the play Jocasta says to Oedipus â€Å"In God’s name, if you place any value on your life, don’t pursue the search. It is enough that I am sick to death. † (pg. 60) regarding Oedipus’ search for identity. Once again, Oedipus is given very explicit advice that is guaranteed to benefit him, but he wanted to figure out the puzzle, and his hubris leads him to believe he always makes the right decision. So once again, Oedipus not only ignores the advice but he also insults his wife, which is a slap in the face when she is trying her best to save him. Oedipus made the choice to follow through with his search and ignore Jocasta, when if he had been humble and listened, he would have been happy. That is why Oedipus hubris leads to his demise. The extent of which Oedipus’s failure results from his own flaws is difficult to define, because although the Oracle foretold his misfortune, the series of events had to go hand in hand with his flaws for the tragedy to play out. The same goes for the events, because if his hubris and search for identity were present but the prophecy hadn’t been revealed, Oedipus may not have even ever come to Thebes, and there would be no tragedy. Oedipus was haunted with a dark prophecy, but it is through his flaws that the prophecy did come true†¦

Free Essays on Organisation Culture

Organisational Culture Organizational culture can be described in a few ways. Marvin Bower & McKinseys has defined culture as â€Å"the way we do things around here†. It is about how people behave and treat each other within the organization. Getting a right culture is important also creation and maintenance of a strong culture within the organization is a major concern of many HRM strategies. Moreover, wide ranges of social, competitive and economic pressures are driving the needs for change in the organization. There are a few approaches to characterize an organizational culture and we will be taking Deal & Kennedy and Charles Handy as examples. They have described the types of culture for achieving organizational effectiveness. Charles Handy characterized culture in terms of the relationship between the organization and individuals and also the importance of power and hierarchy. He has described four types of culture, which are power, role, task and person. One of these may dominate the entire organization or different cultures may exist in various parts of the firm. Power culture Power culture depends on a central power source. It is associated with the entrepreneurial form from a single central source, which can be called the web, as in a small business. There are few rules and procedures and few committees. Decisions are made by a selective of key individuals. The principles factors determine power culture: à ¼ A rapidly changing environment that allow a quicker response time within which changes should take place. à ¼ Smallness-size is a problem for power culture à ¼ The need for adaptability à ¼ The need to encourage individual initiative à ¼ Dislike of committees and bureaucracy Role culture Role culture is often associated with organisaional bureaucracy structure. It operates through formal roles and procedures. The culture works on logic and rational and strengths in its functions and specialties. In... Free Essays on Organisation Culture Free Essays on Organisation Culture Organisational Culture Organizational culture can be described in a few ways. Marvin Bower & McKinseys has defined culture as â€Å"the way we do things around here†. It is about how people behave and treat each other within the organization. Getting a right culture is important also creation and maintenance of a strong culture within the organization is a major concern of many HRM strategies. Moreover, wide ranges of social, competitive and economic pressures are driving the needs for change in the organization. There are a few approaches to characterize an organizational culture and we will be taking Deal & Kennedy and Charles Handy as examples. They have described the types of culture for achieving organizational effectiveness. Charles Handy characterized culture in terms of the relationship between the organization and individuals and also the importance of power and hierarchy. He has described four types of culture, which are power, role, task and person. One of these may dominate the entire organization or different cultures may exist in various parts of the firm. Power culture Power culture depends on a central power source. It is associated with the entrepreneurial form from a single central source, which can be called the web, as in a small business. There are few rules and procedures and few committees. Decisions are made by a selective of key individuals. The principles factors determine power culture: à ¼ A rapidly changing environment that allow a quicker response time within which changes should take place. à ¼ Smallness-size is a problem for power culture à ¼ The need for adaptability à ¼ The need to encourage individual initiative à ¼ Dislike of committees and bureaucracy Role culture Role culture is often associated with organisaional bureaucracy structure. It operates through formal roles and procedures. The culture works on logic and rational and strengths in its functions and specialties. In...

Theraputic relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theraputic relationship - Essay Example The movie losing Isiah has evidence of the concept (therapeutic relationship); the movie is a story of a young boy (Isaiah) left in the trash by her mother. The mother leaves the child for dead after she found her missing in the dumpster she had left him. Trash collectors find him and take him to the hospital where a social worker named Margaret Lewin takes an interest in the boy, later she starts filling the adoption papers for the little boy. Margaret and Charles (her husband) want to give Isaiah a good and loving home together with their daughter Hannah. The boys mother, khaila is arrested for possession of drugs and shoplifting, she is later taken to a rehabilitation program where she heals and maintains without the use of drugs. After she leaves the program she secures a good job and finds a good place she lives, khaila later realizes that her child is well and alive. With the help of her lawyer and her counselor, khaila attempts to get Isaiah back, news that devastated the Lewins who by then considered Isaiah, their own son. The family also opens a case to fight for the boy, but the same goes for the mother, however khaila wins the case by showing that the two white parents did not expose the boy to his culture (black nation), they did not give the boy any books about blacks, had no black friends, and no black dolls. Even though the ruling was against Margarets argument was better as she defended her case by arguing that all that mattered was the love the family had for Isaiah and not political correctness. Khaila brings in an ex pert witness (psychologist) who argued that the mother had changed and that the child should grow to her own race. As the social worker takes the boy away, after her mother won the case, it is evident that the boy did not want to leave the white family. In this scene, the boy screams and cries for the Lewins,

Kant and plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Kant and plato - Essay Example These perceptions, in turn, are not just consequences of an examination or analysis of judgments of experience into their inseparable parts. According to Kant, before â€Å"a judgment of perception can become a judgment of experience; it is requisite that the perception should be subsumed under some concept of the understanding.† (41) From this perspective, perceptions would supposedly lead us to make our judgments and that synthesis appears only in so far as the priori conceptions of the understanding enable us to go beyond the particular judgment of perception and to turn them into universal judgment of experience. To prove, according to Kant, the possibility of experience in the context of the a priori concept of understanding, one needs to represent what belongs to judgments in general and the various moments of the understanding in them. (42) Kant explained that understanding provided us with the categories that we could use in order to judge experience. He argued that this is particularly useful in judging ideas, such as the soul, God or freedom – things that are beyond experience. Understanding in his philosophy is not unlike judging, specifically when the act is done to unite representations in a consciousness. Again, the fundamental elements here are the intuition as well as Kant’s concept of the noumena or things in themselves, existing outside our intuitions such as Kant’s metaphysical knowledge which abstracts from all experience. â€Å"Experience,† wrote Kant, â€Å"consists of intuition, which belong to sensibility, and of judgments, which are solely the understanding’s business.† (43) This explanation is one of Kant’s depictions of interrelating and interdependent elements required in order to achieve knowledge. To clarify possible confusion, Kant summed his analogies in this way: â€Å"the business of the senses is to inuit; that of the understanding, to think.† (Kant

Pretesting Feedback Essay Example for Free

Pretesting Feedback Essay In the article by Jean-Baptiste Jean-Pierre on HIV/AIDS, the importance of carrying out pretesting method is apparent. Jean-Pierre opens the article by providing a clear and easy to understand definition of pretesting in which it is classified as a type of formative research entailing systematic collection of reactions to materials and information from target audience prior to their actual presentation. The article also outlines the goal of pretesting and its significance particularly when the target audience is characterized by individuals of different cultures and level of education. The author then shifts focus to the purpose of his article which entails use of pretesting in public service announcement (PSA) in Brooklyn, New York on matters concerning use of condoms as a tool for preventing the spread of HIV among African American women of between 20 to 49 years old. The probing question is whether media stations will allocate enough time to the PSA. Media stations normally shy away from airing controversial issues since they might destroy their reputation and in turn, their business might collapse (Hampton, Rabinowitz, Nagy, 2010). However, selection of HIV/ AIDS and condom use for the PSA comes in handy in ensuring stations run them. Controversial issues such as gay marriage wield enormous difficulties in convincing media stations to run the PSA. As a result of HIV prevention through use of condoms not being contentious, the PSA is made more effective hence having a high chance of reaching the target audience. On reaching the target audience, the message is more likely to encourage them and enhance their awareness on the issue at hand. In addition to having experts from radio or television to check and evaluate the message, it is imperative to consult religious leaders, activists and health practitioners on the same (Hampton, Rabinowitz, Nagy, 2010). The message might meet the requirements of media but lack the intensity necessary to kindle the most appropriate reaction from the target audience. In his article, Jean-Pierre includes experts from media and communication field but excludes those from the health sector thereby making the announcement vulnerable to incompetency. Involving individuals from the health fraternity is crucial to ensuring greater effectiveness of the PSA. Jean-Pierre intends to utilize short questionnaire which normally consume little time since they comprise of brief questions regarding the perception of the information to be conveyed, its ease of understanding and the modifications required. Such questions ensure that the PSA reaches the target audience and provokes the expected positive reaction (Siegel Lotenberg, 2007). Moreover, employing market research techniques might prove effective in evaluating the program. Besides the technique having flaws, it provides a quicker and cost effective method for gathering data on the program (Poscente, Rothstein, Irvine, 2002), thereby enhancing its ability to fine-tune mass media channels and the assembling of health promotion information. Such techniques could improve the pretesting method by enhance the effectiveness of the message conveyed to the target audience through PSA. References Hampton, C. , Rabinowitz, P. Nagy, K. (2010). Preparing public service announcements. The Community Tool Box. Retrieved May 20, 2010 from http://ctb. ku. edu/en/tablecontents/sub_section_main_1065. htm Poscente, N. , Rothstein, M. Irvine, M. J. (2002). Using marketing research methods to evaluate a stage-specific intervention. American Journal of Health Behavior 26(4): 243-251. Retrieved May 20, 2010 from EBSCO database. Siegel, M. Lotenberg, D. L. (2007). Marketing public health: Strategies to promote social change. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

An Asian Nuclear Cooperation Regime :: Politics Political Science ASIATOM

An Asian Nuclear Cooperation Regime I. Introduction Nuclear cooperation regimes have long been considered as confidence-building measures designed to reduce tensions arising from the uncertainty of nations’ nuclear energy programs. The first such regime was EURATOM, which emerged in Europe as a separate system of safeguards and transparency measures for European states. This regime was consistent with the goal of the political unification of the European Economic Community, and might not have functioned as effectively had it not been tied to that political effort. Currently a discussion of an Asian nuclear cooperation regime is underway, initiated by Japanese officials and intellectuals, which may borrow substantially from the European experience in nuclear cooperation. These officials have proposed the creation of an ASIATOM, which would include Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea, and possibly Taiwan. Others have expanded the regime’s potential membership to the U.S., Canada, and Australia, and labeled the potential group PACATOM. There have been several proposals for such a nuclear cooperation regime, and they vary according to the activities encompassed and the degree of cooperation involved. The central point of controversy over ASIATOM proposals has been the issue of reprocessing. Japan has currently invested substantial amounts of its resources into the development of civil reprocessing capability, and China may be prepared to do the same. The United States would be unlikely to violate its Carter Administration policy of discouraging reprocessing outside the U.S., and would be unlikely to support or join an ASIATOM that involved reprocessing. One anonymous U.S. State Department official stated, "’Clearly, if an Asiatom proposal is about reprocessing, it’s not going to fly†¦And if it excludes the U.S., it’s not going to fly,’ the official said, adding: ‘Japan does not want to go it alone.’"1 The reprocessing issue is also the central reason for the general support for the idea of an ASIATOM in Japan. Japan’s civilian reprocessing proposals, with plans to move to fast-breeder reactors, has made some states in the Asia- Pacific region wary of their intentions. After all, reprocessing of spent fuel involves the separation of plutonium, and even reactor-grade plutonium (involving greater concentrations of Pu-240 and Pu-242) is suitable for weapons production in sufficient quantities. Japan’s reprocessing program has caused other states in the region to begin to raise the issue of developing their own reprocessing capabilities. From the U.S. perspective, the spread of reprocessing capability is damaging to regional security interests because of the possibility of the use of reprocessing for either deliberate national-level nuclear weapons production or the possibility of the theft of separated fissile material.

Confucian Philosophy Essay

2000 by Andre Levy All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in. writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39. 48-1984. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Levy, Andre, date [La litterature chinoise ancienne et classique. English] Chinese literature, ancient and classical / by Andre Levy ; translated by William H. Nienhauser, Jr. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-253-33656-2 (alk. paper) 1. Chinese literature—History and criticism. I. Nienhauser, William H. II. Title. PL2266. L48 2000 895. 1’09—dc21 99-34024 1 2 3 4 5 05 04 03 02 01 00. For my own early translators of French, Daniel and Susan Contents ix Preface 1 Introduction Chapter 1: Antiquity 5 I. Origins II. â€Å"Let a hundred flowers bloom, Let a hundred schools of thought contend! † 1. Mo zi and the Logicians 2. Legalism 3. The Fathers of Taoism III. The Confucian Classics 31 Chapter 2: Prose I. Narrative Art and Historical Records II. The Return of the â€Å"Ancient Style† III. The Golden Age of Trivial Literature IV. Literary Criticism Chapter 3: Poetry 61 I. The Two Sources of Ancient Poetry 1. The Songs of Chu 2. Poetry of the Han Court II. The Golden Age of Chinese Poetry 1. From Aesthetic Emotion to Metaphysical Flights 2. The Age of Maturity 3. The Late Tang III. The Triumph of Genres in Song Chapter 4: Literature of Entertainment: The Novel and Theater 105 I. Narrative Literature Written in Classical Chinese II. The Theater 1. The Opera-theater of the North 2. The Opera-theater of the South III. The Novel 1. Oral Literature 2. Stories and Novellas 3. The â€Å"Long Novel† or Saga Index 151 Translator’s Preface. I first became- interested in translating Andre Levy’s history of Chinese literature, La litterature chinoise ancienne et classique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1991), in 1996, after finding it in a bookshop in Paris. I read sections and was intrigued by Professor Levy’s approach, which was modeled on literary genres rather than political eras. I immediately thought about translating parts of the book for my graduate History of Chinese Literature class at the University of Wisconsin, a class in which the importance of dynastic change was also downplayed. Like many plans, this one was set aside. Last spring, however, when the panel on our field’s desiderata headed by David Rolston at the 1998 Association for Asian Studies Meeting pronounced that one of the major needs was for a concise history of Chinese literature in about 125 pages (the exact length of Professor Levy’s original text), I revived my interest in this translation. I proposed the book to John Gallman, Director of Indiana University Press, and John approved it almost immediately-but, not before warning me that this kind of project can take much more time than the translator originally envisions. Although I respect John’s experience and knowledge in publishing, I was sure I would prove the exception. After all, what kind of trouble could a little book of 125 pages cause? I soon found out. Professor Levy had originally written a much longer manuscript, which was to be published as a supplementary volume to Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier’s La Litterature chinoise (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1948)’ in the Que sais-je? (What Do I Know? ) series. This concept, however, was soon abandoned, and it ‘Several decades ago Anne-Marie Geoghegan translated this volume as Chinese Literature (New York: Walker, 1964). x Translator’s Preface was decided to publish the Levy â€Å"appendix† as a separate volume-in 125 pages. Professor Levy was then asked to cut his manuscript by one-third. As a result, he was sometimes forced to presume in his audience certain knowledge that some readers of this book-for example, undergraduate students or interested parties with little background in Chinese literature-may not have. For this reason, working carefully with Professor Levy, I have added (or revived) a number of contextual sentences with these readers in mind. More information on many of the authors and works discussed in this history can be found in the entries in The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature (volumes 1 and 2; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986 and 1998). Detailed references to these entries and other relevant studies can be found in the â€Å"Suggested Further Reading† sections at the end of each chapter (where the abbreviated reference Indiana Companion refers to these two volumes). I also discovered that re-translating Professor Levy’s French translations of Chinese texts sometimes resulted in renditions that were too far from the original, even in this age of â€Å"distance education. † So I have translated almost all of the more than 120 excerpts of original works directly from the original Chinese, using Professor Levy’s French versions as a guide wherever possible. All this was done with the blessing and cooperation of the author. Indeed, among the many people who helped with this translation, I would like to especially thank Professor Andre Levy for his unflinching interest in and support of this translation. Professor Levy has read much of the English version, including all passages that I knew were problematic (there are no doubt others! ), and offered comments in a long series of letters over the past few months. Without his assistance the translation would never have been completed. Here in Madison, a trio of graduate students have helped me with questions Translator’s Preface xi about the Chinese texts: Mr. Cao Weiguo riftlal, Ms. Huang Shu—yuang MV and Mr. Shang Cheng I*. They saved me E, from innumerable errors and did their work with interest and high spirits. Mr. Cao also helped by pointing out problems in my interpretation of the original French. Mr. Scott W. Galer of Ricks College read the entire manuscript and offered a number of invaluable comments. My wife, Judith, was unrelenting in her demands on behalf of the general reader. The most careful reader was, however, Jane Lyle of Indiana University Press, who painstakingly copy-edited the text. If there is a literary style to this translation, it is due to her efforts. My thanks, too, to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation which supported me in Berlin through the summer of 1997 when I first read Professor Levy’s text, and especially to John Gallman, who stood behind this project from the beginning. Madison, Wisconsin, 16 February 1999 (Lunar New Year’s Day) Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical Introduction Could one still write, as Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier did in 1948 in the What Do I Know series Number 296, which preceded this book, that â€Å"the study of Chinese literature, long neglected by the Occident, is still in its  infancy? â€Å"‘ Yes and no. There has been some spectacular progress and some foundering. At any rate, beginning at the start of the twentieth century, it was Westerners who were the first-followed by the Japanese, before the Chinese themselves-to produce histories of Chinese literature. Not that the Chinese tradition had not taken note of an evolution in literary genres, but the prestige of wen 5 signifying both â€Å"literature† and â€Å"civilization,† placed it above history-anthologies, compilations, and catalogues were preferred. Moreover, the popular side of literature-fiction, drama, and oral verse-because of its lack of â€Å"seriousness† or its â€Å"vulgarity,† was not judged dignified enough to be considered wen. Our goal is not to add a new work to an already lengthy list of histories of Chinese literature, nor to supplant the excellent summary by Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier which had the impossible task of presenting a history of Chinese literature in about a hundred pages. Our desire would be rather to complement the list by presenting the reader with a different approach, one more concrete, less dependent on the dynastic chronology. Rather than a history, it is a picture-inevitably incompleteof Chinese literature of the past that this little book offers. Chinese â€Å"high† literature is based on a â€Å"hard core† of classical training consisting of the memorization of texts, nearly a half-million characters for every candidate who reaches the highest competitive examinations. We might see the classical art of writing as the arranging, in an appropriate and astute fashion, of lines recalled by memory, something ,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœOdile Kaltenmark-Ghequier, â€Å"Introduction,† La litterature chinoise (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1948), p. 5; â€Å"Que sais—je,† no. 296. 2 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical that came almost automatically to traditional Chinese intellectuals. The goal of these writers was not solely literary. They hoped through their writings to earn a reputation that would help them find support for their efforts to pass the imperial civil-service examinations and thereby eventually win a position at court. Although there were earlier tests leading to political advancement, the system that existed nearly until the end of the imperial period in 1911 was known as the jinshi A ± or â€Å"presented scholar† examination (because successful candidates were â€Å"presented† to the emperor), and was developed during the late seventh and early eighth centuries A. D. It required the writing of poetry and essays on themes set by the examiners. Successful candidates were then given minor positions in the bureaucracy. Thus the memorization of a huge corpus of earlier literature and the ability to compose on the spot became the major qualifications for political office through most of the period from the eighth until the early twentieth centuries. These examinations, and literature in general, were composed in a classical, standard language comparable to Latin in the West. This â€Å"classical† language persisted by opposing writing to speech through a sort of partial bilingualism. The strict proscription of vulgarisms, of elements of the spoken language, from the examinations has helped to maintain the purity of classical Chinese. The spoken language, also labeled â€Å"vulgar,† has produced some literary monuments of its own, which were recognized as such and qualified as â€Å"classics† only a few decades ago. The unity of the two languages, classical and vernacular, which share the same fundamental structure, is undermined by grammars that are appreciably different, and by the fact that these languages hold to diametrically opposed stylistic ideals: lapidary concision on the one hand, and eloquent vigor on the other. We conclude by pointing out that educated Chinese add to their surnames, which are always given first, a great variety of personal names, which can be disconcerting at times. The standard given name (ming Introduction 3 is often avoided out of decorum; thus Tao Qian Miff is often referred to En We will retain only the by his zi (stylename) as Tao Yuanming best known of these names, avoiding hao at (literary name or nickname), bie hao ZIJM (special or particular literary name), and shi ming (residential name) whenever possible: When other names are used, the standard ming will be  given in parentheses. The goal here is to enable the reader to form an idea of traditional Chinese literature, not to establish a history of it, which might result in a lengthy catalogue of works largely unknown today. We are compelled to sacrifice quantity to present a limited number of literary â€Å"stars,† and to reduce the listing of their works to allow the citation of a number of previously unpublished translations, inevitably abridged but sufficient, we hope, to evoke the content of the original. The chronological approach will be handled somewhat roughly because of the need to follow the development of the great literary genres: after the presentation of antiquity, the period in which the common culture of the educated elite was established, comes an examination of the prose genres of â€Å"high† classical literature, then the description of the art most esteemed by the literati, poetry. The final section treats the literature of diversion, the most discredited but nonetheless highly prized, which brings together the novel and the theater. Chapter 1. Antiquity Ancient literature, recorded by the scribes of a rapidly evolving warlike and aristocratic society, has been carefully preserved since earliest times and has become the basis of Chinese lettered culture. It is with this in mind that one must approach the evolution of literature and its role over the course of the two-thousand-year-old imperial government, which collapsed in 1911, and attempt to understand the importance (albeit increasingly limited) that ancient literature retains today. The term â€Å"antiquity† applied to China posed no problems until certain Marxist historians went so far as to suggest that it ended only in 1919. The indigenous tradition had placed the break around 211 B. C. , when political unification brought about the establishment of a centralized but â€Å"prefectural† government under the Legalists, as well as the famous burning of books opposed to the Legalist state ideology. Yet to suggest that antiquity ended so early is to minimize the contribution of Buddhism and the transformation of thought that took place between the third and seventh centuries. The hypothesis that modernity began early, in the eleventh or perhaps twelfth century in China, was developed by Naito Konan NAM 1 (1866-1934). This idea has no want of critics or of supporters. It is opposed to the accepted idea in the West, conveyed by Marxism, that China, a â€Å"living fossil,† has neither entered modern times nor participated in â€Å"the global civilization† that started with the Opium War of 1840. Nor is there unanimity concerning the periodization proposed in historical linguistics, a periodization which distinguishes Archaic Chinese of High Antiquity (from the origins of language to the third century) from Ancient Chinese of Mid-Antiquity (sixth to twelfth centuries), then Middle Chinese of the Middle Ages (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries) from Modern Chinese (seventeenth-nineteenth centuries), and Recent Chinese (18401919) from Contemporary Chinese (1920 to the present). 6 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical. In the area of literature, the beginning of the end of antiquity could perhaps be placed in the second century A. D. Archaeology has elevated our knowledge of more ancient writings toward the beginning of the second millennium B. C. , but this archaic period, discovered recently, cannot be considered part of literary patrimony in the strictest sense. Accounts of this archaic period are traditionally divided into six eras,2 but to honor them would be to fall into the servitude of a purely chronological approach. I. Origins Since the last year of the last century, when Wang Yirong . 1. 6M (1845-1900) compiled the first collection of inscriptions written on bones and shells, the increasing number of archaeological discoveries has allowed the establishment of a corpus of nearly 50,000 inscriptions extending over the period from the fourteenth to the tenth centuries before our era. Dong Zuobin (1895-1963) proposed a periodization for them and distinguished within them the styles of different schools of scribes. Scholars have managed to decipher a third of the total of some 6,000 distinct signs, which are clearly related to the system of writing used by the Chinese today-these were certainly not primitive forms of characters. The oracular inscriptions are necessarily short-the longest known text, of a hundred or so characters, covers the scapula of an ox and extends even over the supporting bones; the shell of a southern species of the great tortoise, also used to record divination, did not offer a more extensive surface. Whether a literature existed at this ancient time seems rather doubtful, but this scriptural evidence causes one to consider whether eras are the early Chou dynasty (eleventh century-722 B. C. ), the Spring and Autumn era (722-481 B. C. ), the Warring States (481-256 B. C. ), the Ch’in dynasty (256-206 B. C. ), the Western or Early Han dynasty (206 B. C. -A. D. 6), and the Eastern or Latter Han dynasty (25-A. D. 220). 2These Chapter 1. Antiquity 7 the Shu jing Efg (Classic of Documents), supposedly â€Å"revised† by Confucius but often criticized as a spurious text, was based in part on authentic texts. The presence of an early sign representing a bundle of slips of wood or bamboo confirms the existence of a primitive form of book in a very ancient era-texts were written on these slips, which were then bound together to form a â€Å"fascicle. † The purpose of these ancient archives, which record the motivation for the diviner’s speech, his identity, and sometimes the result, has been ignored. Of another nature are the inscriptions on bronze that appeared in about the eleventh century B. C. and went out of fashion in the second century B.C. They attracted the attention of amateur scholars from the eleventh century until modern times. Many collections of inscriptions on â€Å"stone and bronze† have been published in the intervening eras. The longest texts extend to as much as five-hundred signs, the forms of which often seem to be more archaic than those of the inscriptions on bones and shells. The most ancient inscriptions indicate nothing more than the person to whom the bronze was consecrated or a commemoration of the name of the sponsor. Toward the tenth century B. C. the texts evolved from several dozen to as many as a hundred signs and took on a commemorative character. The inspiration for these simple, solemn texts is not always easily discernible because of the obscurities of the archaisms in the language. An echo of certain pieces transmitted by the Confucian school can be seen in some texts, but their opacity has disheartened many generations of literati. II. â€Å"Let a hundred flowers bloom, Let a hundred schools of thought contend! † This statement by Mao Zedong, made to launch a liberalization movement that was cut short in 1957, was inspired by an exceptional period in Chinese cultural history (from the fifth to the third centuries 8 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical B. C. ) in which there was a proliferation of schools-the â€Å"hundred schools. † The various masters of these schools offered philosophical, often political, discussion. The growth of these schools paralleled the rise of rival states from the time of Confucius (the Latinized version of the Chinese original, Kong Fuzi TL-T- or Master Kong, ca. 551-479 B. C. ) to the end of the Warring States period (221 B. C. ). The â€Å"hundred schools† came to an end with the unification of China late in the third century B. C. under the Legalist rule of the Qin dynasty (221-206 B. C. ). This era of freedom of thought and intellectual exchange never completely ceased to offer a model, albeit an unattainable model, in the search for an alternative to the oppressive ideology imposed by the centralized state. Much of what has reached us from this lost world was saved in the wake of the reconstruction of Confucian writings (a subject to which we will turn shortly). The texts of the masters of the hundred schools, on the periphery of orthodox literati culture, are of uneven quality, regardless of the philosophy they offer. Even the best, however, have not come close to dethroning the â€Å"Chinese Socrates,† Confucius, the first of the great thinkers, in both chronology and importance. 1. Mo Zi and the Logicians. The work known as Mo Zi (Master Mo) is a collection of the writings of a sect founded by Mo Di g, an obscure personage whom scholars have wanted to make a contemporary of Confucius. It has been hypothesized that the name Mo, â€Å"ink,† referred to the tattooing of  a convict in antiquity, and the given name, Di, indicates the pheasant feathers that decorated the hats of the common people. Although we can only speculate about whether Mo Zi was a convict or a commoner, he argued for a kind of bellicose pacifism toward aggressors, doing his best to promote, through a utilitarian process of reasoning, the necessity of believing in the gods and of practicing universal love without discrimination. Condemning the extravagant expense of funerals as well as the uselessness of art and music, Mo Zi Chapter 1. Antiquity 9 wrote in a style of discouraging weight. The work that has come down to us under his name (which appears to be about two-thirds of the original text) represents a direction which Chinese civilization explored without ever prizing. Mo Zi’s mode of argument has influenced many generations of logicians and sophists, who are known to us only in fragments, the main contribution of which has been to demonstrate in their curious way of argumentation peculiar features of the Chinese language. Hui Shi Ea is known only by the thirty-some paradoxes which the incomparable Zhuang Zi cites, without attempting to solve, as in: There is nothing beyond the Great Infinity. . . and the Small Infinity is not inside. The antinomies of reason have nourished Taoist thought, if not the other way around, as Zhuang Zi attests after the death of his friend Hui Shi: Zhuang Zi was accompanying a funeral procession. When he passed by the grave of Master Hui he turned around to say to those who were following him: â€Å"A fellow from Ying had spattered the tip of his nose with a bit of plaster, like the wing of a fly. He had it removed by [his crony] the carpenter Shi, who took his ax and twirled it around. He cut it off, then heard a wind: the plaster was entirely removed without scratching his nose. The man from Ying had remained standing, impassive. When he learned of this, Yuan, the sovereign of the country of Song, summoned the carpenter Shih and said to him, â€Å"Try then to do it again for Us. † The carpenter responded, â€Å"Your servant is capable of doing it; however, the material that he made use of died long ago. † After the death of the Master, I too no longer can find the material: I no longer have anyone to talk to. (Zhuang Zi 24) Sons of the logicians and the sophists, the rhetoricians shared with the Taoists a taste for apologues. They opposed the Taoist solution of a 10 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical detached â€Å"non-action,† involved as they were in diplomatic combat. Held in contempt by the Confucians for their â€Å"Machiavellianism,† the Zhanguo ce Vg (Intrigues of the Warring States) remains the most representative work of the genre. It was reconstructed several centuries later by Liu Xiang gj 1-(4] (77-6 B. C. ), but the authenticity of these reassembled materials seems to have been confirmed by the discovery of parallel texts in a tomb at Mawang Dui gUttg in 1973. A great variety animates these accounts, both speeches and chronicles; they are rich in dialogue, which cannot be represented by this single, although characteristic, anecdote—it is inserted without commentary into the â€Å"intrigues† (or â€Å"slips†) of the state of Chu: The King of Wei offered the King of Chu a beautiful girl who gave him great satisfaction. Knowing how much the new woman pleased him, his wife, the queen, showed her the most intense affection. She chose clothes and baubles which would please her and gave them to her; it was the same for her with rooms in the palace and bed clothes. In short, she gratified her with more attention than the king himself accorded her. He congratulated her for it: a woman serves her husband through her carnal appeal, and jealousy is her nature. Now, understanding how I love the new woman, my wife shows her more love than I—it is thus that the filial son serves his parents, that the loyal servant fulfills his duties toward his prince. As she knew that the king did not consider her jealous, the queen suggested to her rival: â€Å"The king appreciates your beauty. However, he is not that fond of your nose. You would do better to hide it when he receives you. † Therefore, the new one did so when she saw His Majesty. The king asked his wife why his favorite hid her nose in his presence. She responded, â€Å"I know. † â€Å"Even if it is unpleasant, tell me! † insisted the king. â€Å"She does not like your odor. † â€Å"The brazen hussy! † cried the sovereign. â€Å"Her nose is to be cut off, and let no one question my order! † Chapter 1. Antiquity 11 The Yan Zi chunqiu *T-*V( (Springs and Autumns of Master Yen) is another reconstruction by Liu Xiang, a collection of anecdotes about Yan Ying RV, a man of small stature but great ability who was prime minister to Duke Jing of Qi (547-490 B.C. )-the state that occupies what is now Shandong. Without cynicism, but full of shrewdness, these anecdotes do not lack appeal; some have often been selected as anthology pieces, of which this one is representative: When Master Yan was sent as an ambassador to Chu, the people of the country constructed a little gate next to the great one and invited him to enter. Yan Zi refused, declaring that it was suitable for an envoy to a country of dogs, but that it was to Chu that he had come on assignment. The chamberlain had him enter by the great gate. The King of Chu received him and said to him: â€Å"Was there then no one in Qi, for them to have sent you? † â€Å"How can you say there is no one in Qi, when there would be darkness in our capital of Linzi if the people of the three hundred quarters spread out their sleeves, and it would rain if they shook off their perspiration-so dense is the population. † â€Å"But then why have you been sent? † â€Å"The practice in Qi is to dispatch a worthy envoy to a worthy sovereign; I am the most unworthy. . . .† 2. Legalism. The diplomatic manipulations and other little anecdotes we have seen in the Yan Zi chunqiu were of little interest to the Legalists, who took their name from the idea that the hegemonic power of the state is founded on a system of implacable laws supposing the abolition of hereditary privileges-indeed a tabula rasa that rejects morals and traditions. In fact, historians associate them with all thought that privileges efficacy. From this point of view, the most ancient â€Å"Legalist† would be the artisan of Qi’s hegemony in the seventh century B. C. , Guan Zi (Master Guan). The work that was handed down under his name is a composite text and in reality contains no material prior to the third century B. C. Whether or not he should be considered a Legalist, Guan Zi 12 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical embodies the idea that the power of the state lies in its prosperity, and this in turn depends on the circulation of goods. In sum, Guan Zi stands for a proto-mercantilism diametrically opposed to the primitive physiocraticism of Gongsun Yang (altV (also known as Shang Yang ), minister of Qin in the fourth century. Shang jun shu 1 (The 2 Book of Lord Shang), which is attributed to Gongsun Yang, gives the Legalist ideas a particularly brutal form: It is the nature of people to measure that which is advantageous to them, to seize the best, and to draw to themselves that which is profitable. The enlightened lord must take care if he wants to establish order in his country and to be able to turn the population to his advantage, for the population has at its disposal a great number of means to avoid the strictness that it fears. Within the country he must cause the people to consecrate themselves to farming; without he must cause them to be singly devoted to warfare. This is why the order of a sage sovereign consists of multiplying interdictions in order to prevent infractions and relying on force to put an end to fraud. (Shang jun shu, â€Å"Suan di†) Shang Yang’s prose is laden with archaisms, which hardly lighten the weight of his doctrine. It is in the work of Han Fei Zi 4-T- (ca. 280-233) that Legalism found its most accomplished formulation. The book Han Fei Zi contains a commentary on the Classic of the Way and of Power of Lao Zi in which the ideal of Taoist non-action is realized by the automatism of laws. The â€Å"artifice† of the latter may go back to the Confucianism of Xun Zi (Master Xun, also known as Xun Qing ,Ajja, ca. 300-230 B. C. ), a school rejected by orthodox Confucianism. Xun Zi, who happens to have been the teacher of Han Fei Zi, developed the brilliant theory that human nature inclines individuals to satisfy their egoistic appetites: it was therefore bad for advanced societies of the time. The â€Å"rites†-culture-are necessary for socialization. Xun Zi’s Chapter 1. Antiquity 13 argumentation was unprecedentedly elaborate, examining every facet of a question while avoiding repetition. In a scintillating style peppered with apologues, Han Fei Zi argues that the art of governing requires techniques other than the simple manipulation of rewards and punishments. The prince is the cornerstone of a system that is supposed to ensure him of a protective impenetrableness. The state must devote itself to eliminating the useless, noxious five â€Å"parasites† or â€Å"vermin:† the scholars, rhetoricians, knights-errant, deserters, and merchants (perhaps even artisans). 3. The Fathers of Taoism. A philosophy of evasion, this school was opposed to social and political engagement. From the outset Taoism was either a means to flee society and politics or a form of consolation for those who encountered reversals in politics and society. The poetic power of its writings, which denounced limits and aphorisms of reason, explains the fascination that it continues to hold for intellectuals educated through the rationalism of the Confucians. These works, like most of the others from antiquity that were attributed to a master, in fact seem to be rather disparate texts of a school. The Dao de jing ittitg (Classic of the Way and of Power) remains the most often translated Chinese work—and the first translated, if one counts the lost translation into Sanskrit by the monk Xuanzang WM in the seventh century A. D. This series of aphorisms is attributed to Lao Zi (Master. Lao or â€Å"The Old Master†), whom tradition considers a contemporary of Confucius. He is said to have left this â€Å"testament† as he departed the Chinese world via the Xian’gu Pass for the West. In their polemics against the Buddhists, the Taoists of the following millennium used this story as the basis on which to affirm that the Buddha was none other than their Chinese Lao Zi, who had been converting the barbarians of the West since his departure from China. Modern scholarship estimates that the Lao Zi could not date earlier than the third century B. C. The 1973 discoveries at Mawang Dui in Hunan confirmed what scholars had suspected for centuries: the primitive Lao Zi is reversed in respect to 14 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical  ours: a De dao jing â€Å"1,M1# § (Classic of Power and the Way). Its style, which is greatly admired for its obscure concision, seems to owe much to the repair work of the commentator Wang Bi . T3 (226-249). Thus it is tenable that the primitive Lao Zi was a work of military strategy. Whatever it was, the text that is preferred today runs a little over 5,000 characters and is divided into 81 sections (9 x 9). The Taoist attitude toward life is expressed here in admirably striking formulae, which lend themselves to many esoteric interpretations: He who knows does not speak; he who speaks does not know (#56). Govern a great state as you would fry small fish! (#60). Practice non-action, attend to the useless, taste the flavorless. (#63) The Zhuang Zi ate, written by Zhuang Zhou 4. -B1 or Zhuang Zi (Master Zhuang), was apparently abridged at about the same time as the Lao Zi, but at the hands of the commentator Guo Xiang # -IM (d. 312), who cut it from fifty-two to thirty-three sections. Scholars cannot agree whether the seven initial sections, called â€Å"the inner chapters,† are from the same hand of Zhuang Zhou as the sixteen following, called â€Å"the outer chapters,† and the final ten â€Å"miscellaneous chapters. † It is in the final ten that we find a characteristic arrangement of reconstructions from the first century, works of one school attributed to one master. In fact, it is the first part which gives the most lively impression of an encounter with an animated personality whose mind is strangely vigorous and disillusioned: Our life is limited, but knowledge is without limit. To follow the limitless with that which is limited will exhaust one. To go unrelentingly after knowledge is exhausting and c.