Caribbean Culture and the Way it Formed Essay - 1196 Words

Caribbean Culture and the Way it Formed One of the greatest debates that exists today about the Caribbean is the condition of the socio-culture of the people. Sidney Mintz, Antonio Benitz-Rojo, and Michelle Cliff are three authors that comment on this problem in their writings. They discuss whether there is a lack of identify, unity and culture in the lives of Caribbean people. They examine a culture which was created out of the chaos of slavery, colonialism and the integration of cultures that span from Africa to India. Exploration by the authors is taken from two different views, one by Mintz and Rojo where they are looking on the culture from outside and the other by Cliff who depicts the situation from inside. Sidney Mintz is†¦show more content†¦Mintz and Rojo both see the effects of the Plantations and the slave labor as a positive on the region while Mintz sees the effects of the Plantations as a negative on the people of the region. The existence of the plantations is what caused the present state of the Caribbean, I think that the arrival and proliferation of the plantations is the most important historical phenomenon to have come about in the Caribbean, to the extent that if it had not occurred the islands of the region might today perhaps be miniature replicas-at least in demographic and ethnological terms-of the European nations that colonized them.(Rojo 39) With the need of slave labor, the European owners needed to bring in people to fill these needs. People were brought in from Africa, India and other parts of Asia, this caused the diverse integration’s of cultures that is present in the Caribbean. Since the Caribbean was colonies of England, Spain, France and Netherlands the ruling nations of the islands were constantly changing hands. -European conquest, the native peoples disappearance or retreat, African slavery, plantation economics, Asian immigration, rigid and prolonged colonial domination-there are other obvious factor that would keep the area from being coherent.(Rojo 34) This caused the vast influence of culture on the colonies also. Only the wealthy colonists from these countries had the money to purchase andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Different Perspectives of The Caribbean1433 Words   |  6 PagesDifferent Perspectives of The Caribbean The history of the Caribbean is in a sense a very complicated matter. There is no easy way to go about describing the events that have created what the Caribbean is today. The complex situations that have formed the Caribbean can be seen from different points of views. 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Societal Values Of The Buck V. Bell Decision - 998 Words

Societal Values of the Buck v. Bell Decision The Supreme Court decision in Buck v. Bell displays some clues to the values of early twentieth century American society. The interpretation of the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution is the lynchpin of the decision, and the values of the court can be derived from it. In this essay I will demonstrate that the ambiguity of the Amendment in question has significant consequences, the ethics of the interpretation of the Amendment is derived form the paternalistic nature of the Constitution, and that equality of the law is subservient to the desire for a homogeneous and comfortable cultural environment. Interpretation of the 14th Amendment The central contention of the case is of the interpretation of the 14th Amendment of the US Constitution. 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Introduction to Marketing Tourism Considered

Question: Discuss about the Introduction to Marketing Tourism Considered. Answer: Introduction: Tourism considered among one of the most important sectors in the economy. Especially, for the small countries or the developing countries tourism industry has played a major role in developing economical condition. In this report, the focus is on the English town Shrewsbury. The Shrewsbury city that is located in the border of England and Wales has considered among the popular tourist places of the entire United Kingdom region. Over the many years, the town has managed to attract tourist from different parts of the world with its unique architecture designs and town halls. In addition, the transport facility of Shrewsbury is so highly designed that people can easily come from all the prime cities of England very easily. In fact, from London, it only requires 3 hours to visit Shrewsbury city. As a result, Shrewsbury has able to represent itself as one of the popular tourist destination of the UK region. However, it is still not able to represent itself as the first priority tourist d estination for the UK region. In 2011, a study highlighted that Shrewsbury has only able to attract 2.5 million of tourist per annum whereas similar size cities of UK like Chester has recorded almost 42 million visitors per annum. This highlighted that Shrewsbury is not utilizing its uniqueness properly to attract tourist from different places of the world. Hence, it has to develop an effective marketing strategy that has the potential to grab the attention of the visitors. Therefore, the report focuses on to develop an effective marketing plan, which will help Shrewsbury to increase the number of visitors that will eventually create a positive impact in the rate of economic development of Shrewsbury. Background analysis: As per the article by Mariani et al. (2014) tourism development can play a significant role in the economical development of that the particular society. Since, tourism development attracts people from different parts of the world. As a result, it creates more job opportunities for the local people. In addition, requirement of skills in the tourism development is not that high. Therefore, it allows many people whom might not be suitable for other industry to get a job in the tourism sector. Therefore, it actually helps to improve the overall condition of the economy. According to Kimbu and Ngoasong (2013), tourism development not only helps to improve the businesses of the tourism company but also create a positive impact on the other associated business as well. For instance, tourism development in Chester has influenced the hotel industry to grow at a rapid pace so that it can able to handle the additional number of tourist. Therefore, it also has a major positive impact on the gov ernmental revenue processes. Shrewsbury regarded as one of the finest medieval towns because of its environmental richness. The city also has several popular tourist destinations such Shrewsbury museum, Shrewsbury art gallery and Wroxeter roman city etc. According to Mariani et al. (2014), these destination has enough appeals to increase the popularity of Shrewsbury as tourist destination sport. In addition, the marketplaces of Shrewsbury are also very popular among the tourists. According to the study by Pike and Page (2014), 67% of total number of tourist comes to visit Shrewsbury from the major cities of England to shop and visit the market places. Therefore, the city does have huge potential to attract more number of tourists, which will eventually help to increase the rate of economic development of Shrewsbury. However, the number regarding the amount of visitors in Shrewsbury as compared to other similar size cities is very low. Therefore, the article by Soteriades (2012), mention that Shrewsbury is not ut ilizing huge potential for the development of tourist. Hence, it again highlighting the fact that Shrewsbury have to implement effective marketing plan so that it can able to emerge as a major tourist destination not only in England but also in the entire United Kingdom region. Marketing objectives: The above study highlighted the fact that Shrewsbury is struggling to represents itself as one of the popular tourist destination of the United Kingdom region. Therefore, marketing objective of Shrewsbury tourist development will have to focus on the followings: To attract domestic population to visit Shrewsbury so that it can become one of the popular domestic tourist destination To target foreign tourists whom are visiting in the other popular places in England and UK To attract people aged from 15-45 years in order to increase the revenue level of the society To create more job opportunities in the city To develop advance hospitality facilities within the city so that it is become more convenient for people to visit Shrewsbury To enhance the rate of economical development within the society To improve per-capita income of the local people of Shrewsbury so that they can able to live better quality life To increase the foreign currency income of Shrewsbury To utilize tourist development in such a way so that it cannot able to create negative impact on the environmental richness of Shrewsbury Internal analysis and external analysis: According to Tsai (2012), internal and external analysis is the primary stage of marketing plan. Since, it helps to develop a marketing plan that has the potential to fulfill the marketing objectives. Internal analysis: SWOT is among the most popular internal analysis tools that is utilized everywhere in the world. SWOT analysis of Shrewsbury tourism development described as follows: Strengths: Well-developed communication and transport system with the major cities of England and UK Environmental richness of the city The entire city is covered up with 10th century architecture, which can have major role in tourist development Very popular marketplaces Weaknesses: Not so much popular among the domestic and international tourist Lack of enjoyment places for the adult people like bars and pubs Lack of effectiveness in the present marketing strategies regarding tourist development Fewer number of hotels as compared to other popular tourist destinations Opportunities: Yet to emerge as one of the most popular tourist destinations of the country Huge potential to attract tourist from different parts of the world Well-developed infrastructure and hospitality services Threats: Competitions with many other domestic places such as Chester, Lincoln etc Potential negative impact due to climate change Figure 1: SWOT Analysis of Shrewsbury tourism (Source: Goodall and Ashworth 2013) External analysis: As per the article by Tsiotsou and Goldsmith (2012), PEST analysis can able to evaluate all the external factors related to tourism development effectively. Therefore, the report conducted PEST analysis in order to evaluate all the external factors that Shrewsbury will have to consider in order to implement an effective marketing plan. Political factors: According to Buhalis and Crotts (2013), government taxation techniques can have major impact on the tourist development process of a particular destination. Since, it can has the potential to increase the overall budget of visiting a particularly destination. In case of Shrewsbury, tax rate is comparatively higher. Therefore, many tourists feel reluctant to visit the places of Shrewsbury. Hence, government will have to formulate a taxation technique, which not only will increase the revenue level of the government but also induces tourists to visit Shrewsbury. Political stability is another prime factor that marketing plan of Shrewsbury will have to consider. Since, political stability allows government to develop long-term plan for tourist development, which is required for Shrewsbury tourism. Government spending in the tourism and infrastructure development sector also has major role in tourism development. Since, well-developed infrastructure can induce many people to visit the city (Gallarza, Gil-Saura and Holbrook 2012). Hence, it highlighted the fact that Shrewsbury government also have to spent huge amount in order to represent itself as a competitors of the cities like Chester. Economical factors: Foreign Exchange Rate is among the top important factor that can have impact on the tourist development. Many studies have identified that majority of the money spent by tourists ended up in leaving the country. For instance, it rises up to almost 70% in Thailand (Warnick, Bojanic and Cartier 2016). Hence, marketing plan will have to secure that money spent by tourist in Shrewsbury does not leave the place. As mentioned earlier, tourism development increases the job opportunity in the economy. Therefore, it increases per-capita income and GDP of the Society. Hence, marketing plan will have to develop in such a way that can provide positive impact to these two factors. Unemployment rate is another important factor of tourism development. Since, tourism development has the potential to increase the job opportunity in society; every economy is looking to improve the number of tourist so that more local people can able to get jobs. Social factors: According to Truong and Hall (2013) social factor has crucial role in developing tourist in a particular destination, as majority of the people like to visit those places where they fell comfortable with the culture. Since, it allows tourists to create a bonding or relationship with the local people, which have great impact on the satisfaction level of the tourist. Number of population is another important social factor that can have impact on the tourism development of Shrewsbury. Since, majority of the people likes to visit places in the holidays where there not too much crowd interference (Dickinson et al 2014). It reflects that as the number of population grows higher, chances of tourism development keep on decreasing. Eating habit is another important social factor that can have impact on the tourism development. If the eating habit of Shrewsbury does not match with the eating habit of tourists then might not feel interested to visit the places. In addition, all the popular places of the world has the facility of having several types of food so that every people can able to enjoy their holidays to the fullest (Ruhanen, Mclennan and Moyle 2013). Hence, marketing plan of Shrewsbury will have to consider the development different types of restaurants in which every types of food can be available at a decent price. It will definitely create positive impact on the tourist development. Technological factors: In present time, technology has become one of the significant factors regardless of any industry. In addition, it is growing day by day, which increases the significance of this even more. Hence, marketing plan of Shrewsbury also has to consider several technological factors. For instance, social media has huge influence in the present generation (McCabe 2014). As a result, if marketing plan of Shrewsbury can able to utilize it properly, it will definitely increase the popularity of the city as a tourist destination. Technological factors also have the potential to increase the effectiveness of the marketing campaign. For instance, several types of promotional technique such as display marketing and direct marketing used for the development of the tourist in present time. In addition, technological development also allows people to evaluate the kind of sites they will see at the time of visiting a particular place (Spenceley 2012). In fact, all the information about a particular place is easily available in the internet. Therefore, people can easily evaluate and decide where they will visit at the time of holidays. Hence, technological factors have huge influence on the tourist development, which marketing plan of Shrewsbury will have to consider at the time of developing marketing strategy. Figure 2: PEST Analysis (Source: Fletcher et al. 2013) Customer definition: According to Hays, Page and Buhalis (2013) effectiveness of marketing plan is highly depended on the identification of the customers. Specifically, tourism development requires people from all parts of the world to visit the particular place. However, as Shrewsbury is struggling to become the first choice of tourists, it first has to target domestic people in order to increase the number of visitors. Hence, it had to implement mass marketing approach to increase the awareness and popularity of Shrewsbury. However, mass marketing approach will have to be different for different age group of people. Since, requirement or expectations vary with the age. Therefore, marketing plan of Shrewsbury will have to implement in such a way that it could able to cover the requirements of every generation of people. Buhalis and Foerste (2015) highlighted shopping, sightsee and food culture are the prime attraction for the tourist in Shrewsbury. Therefore, marketing plan of tourist development will have to develop with the focus of these factors. For instance, older age people generally like arts, museum and historical places. Therefore, marketing plan for this generation will have to highlight these sites of Shrewsbury. On the other hand, younger generation likes to shop and taste different types of food. Hence, marketing plan for younger generation will have to focus on the uniqueness of the marketplaces and restaurants of Shrewsbury so that they feel attracted towards the city. Marketing plan will also have to focus on the importance of foreign tourists. Since, UK considered as one of the most popular places for foreign tourists (Kozak and Martin 2012). Hence, if Shrewsbury can able to implement effective marketing plan, it will definitely able to attract more number of foreign tourists in the city. However, development of foreign tourist also has to depend on the investment pattern of the government of Shrewsbury in the infrastructure development sector. Since, higher number tourist requires superior quality of infrastructure as well. Marketing mix tactics: As per the article by Hall (2013), tourism marketing reflects an organized and combined effort of the businesses or the national tourist bodies in order increase the satisfaction level of tourists. Marketing in the tourism sector has several advantages as it allows creating an environment that focused towards the customers. According to the AIDA model of marketing, it is very important to catch the attention of the customers first. This will allow creating interest in the customers mind. Interest will increase the desire of the potential customer to visit a particular place. Thus, the desire will eventually influence people to visit Shrewsbury. In tourism marketing strategy, there are 7 Ps of marketing that are very helpful to gain attention, interest and desire of the people. Hence, it is very important to utilize all the factor of the marketing mix in order to fulfill the objective of the implementation of marketing plan. Product: Product in tourism referred to any products or services that are related to tourism such as accommodation, transportation, restaurants, landscapes and shops etc. In tourism industry, some of products are available at free of costs as compared to another industry. For instance, friendliness of the local peoples, beauty of the nature of Shrewsbury is available at free of cost for the tourists. As per the article by Morrison (2013) 4 As plays a crucial role in explaining a product of the tourism industry. These factors are- attraction, accommodation, amenity and accessibility. Attraction is a very important tool, as it influences the tourist in selecting a particular destination of the world. Hence, marketing plan of Shrewsbury will have to utilize all its unique products like marketplaces, museum, and environmental richness so that people from all around the world feels attracted towards visiting Shrewsbury. Accommodation also has major role in developing image of a particular destination, as most of the tourists look for better places for stay after the completion of the trip. Hence, marketing plan will have to focus on the development of hotels and restaurants so that it can able to increase the satisfaction level of the tourist. Amenity is important in the tourism industry, as it helps to develop image in the visitors mind. Hence, if marketing plan can able to maintain proper level of amenity, it will definitely able to improve the satisfaction level of the tourist. In addition, it also helps Shrewsbury to gain benefits from the positive word of mouth communication. Accessibility factor depends on the implemented product positioning in the market. According to Hudson and Thal (2013), positioning of the product is very difficult in the tourism industry, as it requires huge amount of knowledge and specialization about the potential of every product in a particular destination. Hence, marketing plan of Shrewsbury also has to develop in such a ay where it can able to utilize all its product for attracting more and more tourist. Price: Price in tourism industry defined as the combination of non-monetary and monetary prices. Monetary prices include prices that requires for entrain the destination whereas non-monetary prices include time required to reach a particular destination, future benefits and risks during the journey to that particular land. The primary objective of price setting is analysis of kind of impact it can made on the return on investment. Hence, Shrewsbury will have to develop pricing strategy based on the demand of the customers. Specifically, demand fluctuates in season to season. Therefore, pricing strategy of marketing plan will have to be flexible enough in order to reset its price according to the demand. Pricing strategy of marketing plan also has to consider the competitors pricing strategy in order to evaluate the kind of strategy will have the potential to provide competitive advantage to Shrewsbury. As opined by Dolnicar and Ring (2014) cities such as Chester has able to attract huge number of customers primarily because of its unique pricing strategy. Traditionally, systematic pricing approach has eight steps, which Shrewsbury also has to follow in order to increase the popularity of the city. Firstly, Shrewsbury authority will have to identify potential customers. Secondly, it had to focus on the estimation of the demand and supply factor in the city. Thirdly, competitors prices will have to be estimated by the authority. Fourthly, it had to evaluate alternative basic prices for the visitors. Fifthly, net price calculation has to be made. Sixthly, the authority will have to calculate the expected amount of profit from the tourism industry. Seventhly, authority will have to esti mate the total cost of introducing pricing strategy and finally the authority will have to conduct in-depth study for the different segment of Shrewsbury for the further development. Since, Shrewsbury is currently struggling to gain popularity as a tourist destination; it has to implement low price strategy so that more people get attracted towards the city. Place: Place is an important factor of the marketing mix, as people perceive an image when they consider about a particular place. Hence, marketing plan of Shrewsbury will have to formulate in such a way that can increase the desire of travelling to the city when they will think about Shrewsbury. Ashworth and Goodall (2012) state that major variables of place are channel of distribution, merchandising and transportation. Transportation is important, as it allows tourists to visit different places of a particular city very quickly. In case of Shrewsbury, it already mentioned that transportation is well developed. Therefore, marketing plan regarding the tourist development in Shrewsbury will have to highlight the transportation factor in such a way that the people feel to visit the city more. Marketing plan also will have to focus on the awareness factor about a particular place. Since, many studies have identified that having cultural, environmental and visual richness is not only the factors that can have impact on the tourist development. In fact, creating awareness about a particular city has the potential increase the curiosity of the people. Therefore, it will help the city to increase the present level of visitors, which will eventually place to develop further. Promotion: According to Pastras and Bramwell (2013), promotion is arguably the most important factor of marketing mix. As tourism industry is a huge phenomenon, government generally develops advertisement in tourism industry. In addition, Shrewsbury is struggling to represent itself as one of the prime destination for the tourist even though it has all the necessary requirements that a popular tourist destination requires. Hence, significance of promotion or advertising technique has become huge. Generally, advertising divided under four categories, outdoor advertising, indoor advertising, direct advertising and media advertising. The marketing plan of Shrewsbury will have to consider all types of advertising in order to increase the popularity of the city as a tourist destination. For instance, the advertisement in television or social media can have huge amount of impact on the popularity of the city. Another aspect that marketing plan of Shrewsbury will have to consider is development of the brand of Shrewsbury as a tourist destination. Since, it will help to develop a good image on the mind of the potential customers. Figure 3: Marketing Mix for tourist development in Shrewsbury (Source: Frochot and Batat 2013) Conclusion: The current trend in tourism industry no longer focused only on the sand and sea tourism. Rather people getting more attracted towards the green tourism and cultural heritage. Therefore, places like Shrewsbury are getting more and more popular as a tourist destination. The above study also highlighted that Shrewsbury has all the requirements to become as one of the popular places of the UK region. However, currently it is not able to utilize its potential to its fullest, as the city is struggling to become top priority destination for the tourists. Thus, the above-suggested marketing plan can able to help Shrewsbury to improve the number of tourist visits in the city. References: Ashworth, G. and Goodall, B., 2012.Marketing tourism places(Vol. 2). Routledge. Buhalis, D. and Crotts, J., 2013.Global alliances in tourism and hospitality management. Routledge. Buhalis, D. and Foerste, M., 2015. SoCoMo marketing for travel and tourism: Empowering co-creation of value.Journal of Destination Marketing Management,4(3), pp.151-161. Dickinson, J.E., Ghali, K., Cherrett, T., Speed, C., Davies, N. and Norgate, S., 2014. Tourism and the smartphone app: Capabilities, emerging practice and scope in the travel domain.Current Issues in Tourism,17(1), pp.84-101. Dolnicar, S. and Ring, A., 2014. Tourism marketing research: Past, present and future.Annals of Tourism Research,47, pp.31-47. Fletcher, J., Fyall, A., Gilbert, D. and Wanhill, S., 2013.Tourism: principles and practice. Edinburgh Gate, UK: Pearson. Frochot, I. and Batat, W., 2013.Marketing and designing the tourist experience. Goodfellow Publishers. Gallarza, M.G., Gil-Saura, I. and Holbrook, M.B., 2012. Customer value in tourism services: meaning and role for a relationship marketing approach.Strategic Marketing in Tourism Services. Bingley, UK: Emerald, pp.147-163. Goodall, B. and Ashworth, G. eds., 2013.Marketing in the Tourism Industry (RLE Tourism): The Promotion of Destination Regions. Routledge. Hall, C.M., 2013.Wine, food, and tourism marketing. Routledge. Hays, S., Page, S.J. and Buhalis, D., 2013. Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations.Current issues in Tourism,16(3), pp.211-239. Hudson, S. and Thal, K., 2013. The impact of social media on the consumer decision process: Implications for tourism marketing.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,30(1-2), pp.156-160. Kimbu, A.N. and Ngoasong, M.Z., 2013. Centralised decentralisation of tourism development: a network perspective.Annals of Tourism Research,40, pp.235-259. Kozak, M. and Martin, D., 2012. Tourism life cycle and sustainability analysis: Profit-focused strategies for mature destinations.Tourism Management,33(1), pp.188-194. Lumsdon, L., 2016.Marketing for tourism. Springer. Mariani, M.M., Baggio, R., Buhalis, D. and Longhi, C. eds., 2014.Tourism Management, Marketing, and Development: Volume I: The Importance of Networks and ICTs(Vol. 1). Palgrave Macmillan. Mariani, M.M., Buhalis, D., Longhi, C. and Vitouladiti, O., 2014. Managing change in tourism destinations: Key issues and current trends.Journal of Destination Marketing Management,2(4), pp.269-272. McCabe, S. ed., 2014.The Routledge handbook of tourism marketing. Routledge. Morrison, A.M., 2013.Marketing and managing tourism destinations. Routledge. Pastras, P. and Bramwell, B., 2013. A strategic-relational approach to tourism policy.Annals of Tourism Research,43, pp.390-414. Pike, S. and Page, S.J., 2014. Destination Marketing Organizations and destination marketing: A narrative analysis of the literature.Tourism Management,41, pp.202-227. Ruhanen, L.M., Mclennan, C.L.J. and Moyle, B.D., 2013. Strategic issues in the Australian tourism industry: A 10-year analysis of national strategies and plans.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,18(3), pp.220-240. Soteriades, M., 2012. Tourism destination marketing: approaches improving effectiveness and efficiency.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology,3(2), pp.107-120. Spenceley, A., 2012.Responsible tourism: Critical issues for conservation and development. Routledge. Truong, V.D. and Hall, C.M., 2013. Social marketing and tourism: What is the evidence?.Social Marketing Quarterly, p.1524500413484452. Tsai, S.P., 2012. Place attachment and tourism marketing: Investigating international tourists in Singapore.International Journal of Tourism Research,14(2), pp.139-152. Tsiotsou, R.H. and Goldsmith, R.E., 2012.Strategic marketing in tourism services. Emerald Group Publishing. Warnick, R.B., Bojanic, D.C. and Cartier, E., 2016. A Comparison of Economic Impact Measurement Techniques for a Tourism Special Event.Journal of Travel Research, p.0047287516643412.

Mers ideas on whether to go on to sixth form PLEA Essay Example For Students

Mers ideas on whether to go on to sixth form: PLEA Essay SE TELL ME IF IT IS ANY GOODESSAY ON THE CHOICES OF A STUDENT AFTER GCSE. Today many youngsters have little comprehension of their options when choosing whether to continue their education beyond GCSE. This contributes to the reason why so many children opt to leave school at this point. The choice should solely depends on the actual person and their future targets and responsibilities, though there are factors, such as the students past experience of school, that sway their eventual decision, despite the fact that these factors may not be relevant in the slightest. For this reason, I personally feel that countless potentially prosperous individuals are being cheated out of the life they, at one time, aspired to have. In a recent analysis studying the amount of students staying on at school until age 17, Britain was shown twenty-fifth lowest out of the twenty-nine countries inspected. Education ministers are warning young children that leaving school early creates an increased likelihood of obtaining an under-skilled, low-wage job. Youngsters have a limited understanding of how insignificant some features of their lives are when deciding upon further education. Some choose not to continue their schooling because of completely irrelevant reasons such as how much they like their teachers or their friends!Students, who do so, have many different incentives to stay on after GCSE, each one mainly dependent on their career ideas and goals. Students who wish to ultimately enter university will almost certainly continue their education beyond the compulsory section of it, as universities will not accept candidates lacking qualifications (A levels) that are needed to acquire a degree. Most highly educated careers require a suitable degree, and youngsters who do not achieve the necessary A levels will be unable to obtain this. Those who do manage to achieve the needed qualifications have a better chance of obtaining a well-paid job. Potential actors, artists and musicians may decide to enrol in a suitable college that is dedicated to the art they wish to pursue. Some youngsters are under the wrong impression that higher education will not help them achieve such dreams and simply delay the process of becoming an actress, singer or an artist. This of course is incorrect. Qualifications in your chosen art will increase your chances of obtaining work. Higher education gives students the chance to be more knowledgeable in their subject and possibly, as a result, more successful. Higher education provides students with a greater range of choices, which they perhaps had not been well informed about, and some of these choices may be more suitable for that person than what they had previously aimed to be. Students are presented with an entirely new collection of subjects that are not available at GCSE, for example media and business studies. Those who dislike the subjects that are compulsory to study at GCSE, and are discouraged from continuing education because of this dislike, should be notified that there are no compulsory subjects in sixth form. Students who do not like any subjects they have covered in their school life so far can pick from a new selection of subjects in addition to those already available for GCSE. Even students who have little or unstable financial support can continue their education in private schools as well as in state schools.This is because many private schools are starting schemes, such as the Belvedere School in Liverpool, that accommodate those who are underprivileged and cannot pay the constantly rising fees. All schools have scholarship programmes that provide places for students based on their academic strength. .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa , .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa .postImageUrl , .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa , .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa:hover , .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa:visited , .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa:active { border:0!important; } .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa:active , .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u80abf9b147dd5fe2f337f69548c9eeaa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Symbolism In Strange News From Another Star Essay PaperIndecisive pupils, who are put off from doing their A levels because they feel will not be able to choose which subjects they should take, can seek advice from their teachers, who can inform them what they will do well in and older girls who have experience of the different subjects.Students who feel they will not be able to cope with the rigours of further education should do the same, as they could be simply underestimating their ability or be overestimating the difficulty of the courses they want to take.Furthermore if a subject proves to be too difficult then it is always possible to drop this subject. Those that have commitments such as a child or a dependant relative do not essentially have to sacrifice their education. Many organisations specialise in helping dependant people and nannies are available for infant care. As I have mentioned before university degrees increase the chances of obtaining a high salary job, and a high salary job will make taking care of a child or relative much simpler. Those who do give up advanced schooling do have a variety of alternative paths that they can follow.Home courses are being set up for those who wish to achieve GCSEs, A levels or degrees, by having their tuition at home. Companies charge a small fee to help many obtain desired qualifications and as a result help people of all ages achieve the occupation they want. Students who have pursued a part time job whilst doing their GCSEs, may want to work full time in this job, and their previous experience of the job will make them very suitable for the position. They will be familiar with the different features of the job, and so will be able to work effectively. Adolescents who have opted not to continue their schooling because they are not intrigued by any of the subjects on offer or simply find they are not very strong in the subjects available can take part in a scheme operating at local colleges for those who are more interested in vocational careers such as building, cooking, beauty etc. Instead of having to take three A levels, they will be taught solely about their chosen subject. For most of the arts there are an immense amount of jobs available in the UK. Some of these arts provide opportunities that will give students a high income. For instance chefs participating in cooking programmes or publishing cookery books can earn millions of pounds depending on the success of their projects but this is a small minority.There are also Modern Apprenticeship organisations that allow students to train for different jobs whist they do their schoolwork. Those that do not do well in their GCSEs do not have to forfeit their A level education, it is possible for them to repeat Year eleven, but this happens very rarely and it is not advisable to heavily depend on this outcome. Some youngsters may feel they would rather take part in a family business. This type of work will guarantee a good relationship with the employer and perhaps in this type of environment youngsters will be able to excel. Though some cannot attain a post in their familys business so easily, especially when the business is thriving and popular, so that obtaining a position will require certain qualifications, which are only accessible through higher education. Overall, I feel that further education is beneficial to all people, whatever their background, goals and aspirations are.Students are not properly informed of all the opportunities available by taking A Level courses, and not many people realise how much is on offer. Taking further education can broaden students horizons, allowing them to consider more paths, and they may find a more appropriate job than what they had considered previously. Even if this does not occur, knowing that there is no career you would like to follow more than the one you have chosen, can give you peace of mind and a stronger determination to fulfil your ambitions. I, myself, am opting to follow further education, as I feel uncertain of the choices available, and I would like to be well versed in what there is on offer for me, before deciding upon a career. I feel I will become well aware of my options by going to sixth form.

Music in the Caribbean free essay sample

The genre of Caribbean Music encompasses a diverse variety of musical styles and traditions from Islands that are located In the Caribbean Sea and it represents something that Is simple, exotic yet rich and wonderful. The styles range anywhere from traditional folk genres such as the Puerco Rican coagulant and Jamaican memento to more contemporary music such as salsa and reggae. They are each syntheses of African, European, Indian and Indigenous influences, largely created by African slave descendants, along with contribution from other communities.Some of the styles that gained wide popularity outside of the Caribbean includes reggae, ouzo, salsa, bonbon, calypso, coca, regnant and punt. The diverse history of Caribbean music begins with tribal music from the Native Americans that first inhabited the Caribbean island. This music largely featured percussion instruments, much of which was developed by the Native Americans and sadly perished along with most of the Native Americans during the 17th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Music in the Caribbean or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After that time, Caribbean music came out of the combination of the European settlers to the Caribbean as well as the African slaves hat were brought along with the settlers.The music represents the culture of struggle, triumph, blood, sweat and tears that are all reflected In the beats and rhythms of Caribbean music. The rewards of a battle well fought in search of freedom can still be heard echoing form the distance past as the enslaved left with future generations the strength to keep fighting using the powerful sounds of music. Located in the Caribbean Sea are many islands each having its own experience of slavery and triumph, each developing its own cultural expression through the use of music.The outer most Caribbean styles of music may be grouped into the different categories of folk, classical, or commercially popular music. Folk styles were derived primarily from African music and tend to be dominated by percussion instruments as well as call and response vocals. Included In this category are the traditional Cuban rumba, the Puerco Rican bomb as well as music associated with Afro-Caribbean religions (such as Halt, voodoo, and Cuban Sanitaria). A few styles, however, reflects a more European influence. The Puerco Rican Sahara music and Cuban Punt are two key examples.Local forms of classical music were created in the nineteenth century in Cuba and Puerco Rice as formally trained composers began to infiltrate the area. The most prominent styles in this category are the Cuban concordant and the habit (a lighter and more rhythmic but also Cuban style). The best known forms of Caribbean music are the modern, popular genres. These include the con (the most popular style of Cuban dance music); the Chadwick, the leister (a romantic, languid style), and the mambo (an instrumental big band style). Since the mid-sass, styles like salsa and meringue have become widely popular.The most internationally famous style of Caribbean music has clearly been reggae. This style emerged In the late sass In Jamaica as a reinterpretation of American R B music. Singers such as Bob Marled have helped push this style Into the International arena. Calypso (with Its origin in Trinidad and Tobago) continues to grow in popularity, and is the music that was originated out of Jamaica until it was evolve in the early sass to shake the butts of working and middle class Jamaican before going on, via the West Indian immigrant connection, to the I-J, and then on to the world.In the I-J, ask was also now as blue beat music. Rock steady, and later, reggae sprang from the loins of ask in the late sass. Mid sass and sass/sass revivals of this popular dance form have kept this music alive and fun through the present. The ask beat on drums and bass, rhythm guitar, lots of horns and maybe a Farads or Hammond organ that is the ask sound. Ask was not recently invented by ask-influenced bands like No Doubt, the Mighty Festoons, Reel Big Fish or any other asss band.Ask is a forty-year-old music form now in a fresh, vigorous 3rd Wave. Ask is rich in history, broad in scope and guaranteed to make you shake your groove than. For the musically inclined, here is a description of the rhythmic structure of ask: Musically, Ask is a fusion of Jamaican memento rhythm with R, with the drum coming in on the 2nd and 4th beats, and the guitar emphasizing the up of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th beats. The drum therefore is carrying the blues and swing beats of the American music, and the guitar expressing the memento sound.The roots of reggae music are based in Jamaica. This indigenous music grew from ask, which had elements of American R and Caribbean styles. It also drew from folk music, Poignant church music, Joana fife and drum bands, artillery rituals, adaptations of quadrilles, plantation work songs, and a form called memento. Notable early reggae artists were Bob Marled, Bunny Wailer, Peter Toss, Rite Marled Anderson, Toots and the Metals, Despond Decker. As the fast beat of ask mellowed through rock steady, it gradually led to the creation of reggae.The transition from rock steady to reggae was, like the transition from ask to rock steady, an imperceptible process which was both a response to and a reflection of the changing social conditions of the society. In 1981 Bob Marled died and roots reggae ever really recovered from the loss of its figurehead, and in the true fashion of Jamaican audiences looking for a change, danceable reggae emerged. This computerized, DC dominated style couldnt be more different from its predecessor with lewd lyrics replacing the righteousness and sound system competition seeming the strongest motive.In 1985, Under Mi Slang Tent marked the complete break from reggae tradition, as it became the first record to be recorded without a bass line. There are several versions of the origin of the calypso which emerged as an identifiable genre towards the end of the nineteenth century. Calypso represents a suture of several folk songs in the African tradition. In its original functions to praise or deride, to comment and to relate it is similar to a type of song that is universal. The early kazoo was sung in French patois, in the minor mode. It was accompanied by the traditional African drum ensemble and chorus. Themes varied widely. However, satirical political and social commentary, and the male-female relationship were, and continue to be, extremely popular. Traditionally, calypso singers have exhibited highly personalized styles in dress, theme and presentation. Since the turn of the century, the calypso has been sung in English. Great emphasis was placed on the ability to compose intricate lyrics with long, obscure words, and to improvise.The art of improvisation is still demonstrated in the ex tempo which is usually a competitive performance by two singers. Modern calypso (or kazoo) was invented in Trinidad, but respected, major Californians and national pride for the musicians runs high. Many people believe that calypso is about Jumping up and dancing at carnivals, that the form is devoted to entertainment. But true calypso is a very serious form of social commentary. The Californians address everything from politics to incest to the notations of island life, although the attacks are often framed through subtle satire.In Trinidad and Tobago, for example, the old timers like Executor, Growler, Houdini, and Spoiler all provided informative listening entertainment. Calypso of today is dance music. Thanks to the Mighty Sparrow, the Lord Kitchener, the Black Stalin, David Rudder to name a few, we still have traditional Calypsos fused with dance hall music. In Barbados, youll hear Basss singing the lyrics of Red Plastic Bag, The Mighty Gabby, and Alison Hinds, to name a very few. The musical accomplishment of the modern calypso has become more complex. This is provided y the brass band, so called because of its powerful trumpets and trombones.Other instruments in this ensemble include guitars, key-boards, synthesizers, the drum set and a wide range of percussion instruments. Additionally, some singers might include a single instrument such as the pan, the actuator, the fiddle or a skin drum, among others. The performer is accompanied by a chorus that executes choreographed movements as they sing. In the weeks preceding the annual carnival celebrations, a number of singers perform nightly in the calypso tent. Originally, a bamboo tent was specially erected. Today, any performance venue is used. Through he year singers appear in concerts and other shows.Calypso is the music used to create the rhythms of Carnival in the Caribbean, Carnival in ROI, Labor Day in Brooklyn, The Caribbean American Family Day Festival in the Bronx New York, Caribbean in Toronto, Miami Carnival, Boston Carnival, Atlanta Carnival, Caribbean Carnival Tallahassee and a host of other cities all over the world. Coca is the rhythmical fusion of Soul and Calypso. Its geographical origin is Trinidad and Tobago and its inspiration has always been those islands pre-Lenten carnival celebrations. The ever infectious Coca music has now evolved into the definitive indigenous classical form of the Eastern Caribbean. The music is part of the vibrant Caribbean culture and has now established itself as far field as North America, and throughout Europe. Ring bang is a fusion of all the music of the Caribbean with the focus is on the rhythm rather than the melody. Since its creation in 1994, Ring bang has grown in popularity in Barbados and throughout the Caribbean. Raps is quite recent, emerging about twenty-five years ago. However, it draws on the ancient African tradition of story-telling. Raps is street poetry. Its main theme is the issues that affect the lives of ordinary people. Raps may be unaccompanied by a simple ensemble or full orchestration.Since both reggae from Jamaica and coca from Trinidad are very popular in Barbados, a fusion of the two was always likely. This fusion came in the form of raga-coca; a rhythm that is faster than reggae but slower than up-tempo coca. Ouzo loosely translated means Party or festival and is a style of music originally from the Caribbean countries of Martinique and Guadalupe. Ouzo is a fusion of Comma from Haiti, cadence and tempo from Dominica, other styles of music such as mazurka, beguine, bal Grumman dances, balalaika, and other indigenous styles of the people of Martinique and Guadalupe.Ouzo exploded on to adapting to French and American pop music. The main characteristic of Ouzo music is the two quick beats followed by a slower tempo. Ouzo was popularized by bands that include Kavas, Grammars, and Exile One, and solo artists like Jocosely Label of Guadalupe and Aphelia Marie of Dominica. The lyrics are sung in the local Creole and French. With the popularity of Ouzo, the islands of Martinique and Guadalupe saw a big surge in the music industry. The United States was introduced to the music by a band from New Jersey called The Roast Beef Curtains.However, the leading band to emerge from Ouzo is Kavas, founded in 1979 by Pierre-Adored Decides and Freddy Marshall. Kavas became an international phenomenon in 1985 after the launch of their album fifth album Yll featuring the international smash hit Ouzo la Se Sell Median Non In. Other renowned artists from the Caribbean whose name became synonymous with Ouzo include Tanya Gain-Vale, Marie-Line Lap, Deed Saint PRI, Alan Cave, and Jean Philippe Martially. Ouzo musicians living in Paris began recording with African musicians, and were also influenced by Coupe Cloud, a Haitian band leader who utilized an African style. With Cassavas popularity, Ouzo became the most widespread dance to hit the Caribbean, Europe, and Africa. There are different styles of Ouzo, which include the traditional Ouzo that was originated the genre of music; Ouzo-Love includes slower tempo love songs; Ouzo Lambda popular in Brazil, Zambia originally from Angola, and Cola-Ouzo originally from Cape Verve.Each style has noticeable differences from tempo to language. All have their roots in the beautiful music originating from Martinique and Guadalupe. Some famous Ouzo artists and Dos include Kavas, Exile One, Frankly Vincent, Alan Cave, Face, Experience 7, Eric Virgil, Dana Junior, Ouzo Machine, DC ET, DC Double F, DC JAM, Mane, Sourer Kayaks, DC John Gee, Vegetable Basket, Curricle, Princesses Lover, Boss Tweed NYC. For almost three decades, Ouzo has swept the isla nds and has united artists from the French and Creole segments of the Caribbean. With the emergence of Ouzo, the artists have created a large music industry that gained international popularity in many parts of the world, mainly France, where some of the artists lived, Brazil, and the French speaking part of Africa and Canada. Ouzo music is versatile, entertaining ND the Caribbean will continue to be a great source of inspiration for the music market. The Choctaw songs are sung during the Phage or Hold festival, the Hindu spring festival that is celebrated with song, dance and the playful sprinkling of participants with colored liquids. These are Hindi songs, sung by a chorus and lead singer.They begin slowly and softly and increase in tempo, volume and pitch. The songs often celebrate the love shared by deities, Radar and Krishna, and Ram and Sitar. They are accompanied by the Dollar, Shall and sometimes, the harmonium. The Chutney coca sound is native to Saint Vincent the Grenadines, Guyana and Trinidad . The musical style infuses elements of Coca music along with Hindi English lyrics and instruments from the Indian culture such as the dainty and the dollar. The Chutney is an up tempo, rhythmic song, accompanied but the dollar, the harmonium and the dental.Original chutney songs made reference to data and were offensive to religious leaders. Within recent times, the chutney has become extremely popular and new compositions are being written. Some of these contain calypso and coca rhythms. There is also some extemporaneous composition and by bands which include Indian, western and African instruments. Chutney music completes the sound of Chutney Coca. It was Trumpeted Rangoon who first called the style of music Chutney Coca in an album entitled chutney Coca. Two versions of the song were published in two versions Hindi and coca.The word was spelt Chasten Coca before the new spelling of Chutney was established. The historical origins of Chutney coca are the perfect example of how Indo-Traditions have created a synthetic original art form that has incorporated Indo-Traditions into the world that is coca music. Additionally it also shows Just how much Indo-Traditions have influenced the culture and politics of the country. Chutney coca first started to show up in calypso during the sass when calypso and coca musicians would incorporate Indian themes within their lyrics. Chutney coca started to experience mainstream popularity during the sass when carnival season started to incorporate chutney coca monarch competitions. Since then the Chutney coca competition has grown exponentially to the point where it is considered the most important and largest Indo-Caribbean concert worldwide. The cost of production exceeds over one million USED. Local Indian songs may be Hindu or English sung to Indian rhythms. They are reformed to the music of bands that include the Tablas, the synthesizer, African drums and brass instruments among others.The songs are similar to the calypso in their tendency towards social commentary as a major theme. Prang is a lively rhythmic Christmas song, sung in Spanish with some Spanish patois and Latin words. Its main theme is the annunciation, Maria! is perhaps the most frequent exclamation in prang. The music is accompanied by actuator, guitar, the box bass and chaw-chaos. The singers, pardoners wear colorful clothing, originally in Spanish style. The sound of Prang coca is taking center stage during Christmas. Coca music is now being fused with prang. The sound of prang has both Latin and Caribbean influences incorporated.Prang finds in roots in the Spanish word paraded which means merry making. Prang coca is a submerge of coca and is a recent comer to the world of music. The origins of prang is still disputed in many circles however it is believed that it was first introduced by the Spanish or French speaking catholic monks that brought it to Trinidad during the Spanish colonial period. The second theory proposes that it was the Venezuelan who were responsible for the first elements of prang music when they migrated to work on the cocoa plantations during the first part of the 19th century.Steel band coca in its purest form is coca at its best. The melodious sounds which emanate from the steel pan captivate the listening audience. The instrument has a long standing place in the Trinitarian culture and carnival. The instrument most times is associated with revelry and festivity. It brings to the listener an authentic Caribbean experience and those who come within distance to the hypnotic sounds are drawn into the experience of Caribbean music. Steelyard coca is well worth listening to. The sounds will linger in your mind and heart leaving you wanting more.The steel band is made up of several instruments and players and its origins date back to slavery. During this period of time drums were used as a form of communication among the enslaved Africans. When slavery was outlawed in 1783 by then British colonial government African slaves were allowed to participate in the festive celebration Marci grass which was event to the Africans and Indians during that period. As time passed drums evolved into steel pans and bands, no longer were they being used in the war cry but in entertaining those who are willing to listen. The steel band in made up of several individuals who carry out specific roles these are, Soprano, Lead or Tenor, Double Tenor, Double Second, Double Guitar, Quadraphonic (four pans), Triple Guitar, Cello, Six Pan, Tenor Bass, Six Bass, Nine Bass and Twelve Bass. Each individual is responsible for a specific pitch. Steelyards are capable of playing all types of music however they specialize in coca and when a song of a different genre is played on a steel band you will immediately feel the coca vibe. The steel band consists of one form of instrument this is the steel pan.This is made from a sheet of metal that is usually . Mm or 1. 5 mm thick. Traditionally steel pans are made using oil barrels however steel pan bands are now using specific makers to manufacture the steel container to a specified resonance sound output. The sheet of metal is stretched and with the aid of several hammers and air pressure it is shaped into a bowl formation, the process is known as sinking. Once this is completed the notes of varying sizes are molded and shaped into the surface. After this is the crafts man or technician will tune the instrument using an electronic otherwise called strobe tuner.The influence of coca music including steel band coca is far reaching. Steelyard coca is used as a welcoming form of music to tourists who visit the Caribbean island. It can often be heard on cruise ships and it is quite popular during the carnival season. In many aspects, it is more common to see a marked diversity than a marked unity in Caribbean music. A few generalizations can be made, however. Most music of this region combines features of music from Africa with features of music from the West. This combination began with the European colonization and slave trade but still mutinous into the present.The divisions between Caribbean music genres are not always well defined, because many of these genres share common relations and have influenced each other in many ways and directions. For example, the Jamaican memento style has a long history of conflation with Trinitarian calypso. Elements of calypso have come to be used in memento, and vice versa, while their origins lie in the Afro-Caribbean culture, each uniquely characterized by influences from the Shannon and Shouters religions of Trinidad and the Kumara spiritual tradition of Jamaica.

Role of the law commision and the role played by pressure groups Essays

Role of the law commision and the role played by pressure groups Essays Role of the law commision and the role played by pressure groups Essay Role of the law commision and the role played by pressure groups Essay Essay Topic: Law In this essay I will explain the role of the law commission and discuss the role played by pressure groups and judges with regard to law reform. The law commission is made up of five people from the judiciary, the legal profession and legal academies. Generally the chairman is a high court judge and the other four include a QC experienced in criminal law, a solicitor with experience in land law and equity and two legal academics. They are assisted by legally qualified civil servants. It was set up in 1965 with its main task to be codification. In 1965 it was announced that it would begin codifying family law, contract, landlord and tenant and evidence. This wasnt its only task though, under the law commissions act 1965 the law commission was also meant to remove anomalies from the law, repeal obsolete and unnecessary legislation, consolidate the law and finally simplify and modernize the law. It operates on projects referred to it by the Lord Chancellor or government department, at times it may also work on projects itself feels necessary for consideration. Normally a project will begin with a study of the area of law in question and attempt to identify its defects. Foreign legal systems may be looked at to see how they deal with similar issues. Then it publishes a consultation paper inviting comments, it describes present law and sets out possible options for reform. The commissions final recommendations are in a report containing a draft bill where legislation is proposed. The government then decides if it accepts the recommendations of the law commission. If it does it is down to them to introduce any necessary bills in parliament. Personally I think the law commission was weak in some areas and stronger in others. For example they didnt do very well with codification, although they were set a list of laws to codify attempts for the first few were abandoned and the last one never even begun. It is thought that the reason for this is that they realized it wasnt going to work and it didnt fit in with law making in our country. Zander suggests it was down to a mixture of conservatism and realisation on part of the draftsman, legislators and even judges that it simply didnt fit the English style of lawmaking. Although they did better with contract law, they have radically changed it by recommending control of exclusion clauses which led to the unfair contract terms act 1977, they helped in many other situations as well. A pressure group is an organized group that seeks to influence government policy or legislation. Although the term pressure groups implies they use force not all of them do, different groups have different methods. Their aim is to influence people who have the power to make decisions. Some choose to lobby MPs gaining as much publicity as possible for their cause; others may organize petitions or encourage people to write to their own MP and/or minister. Some groups tend to be more effective than others, size or persistence may be the reason for some groups success. Examples include justice a group concerned with promoting law reform in general and charities such as help the aged and shelter. As well as pressure groups and other organizations the public generally make their opinions known to MPs, ministers and to newspapers. This can lead to reform; another thing that has a great impact on reform is the media as it claims to reflect what the public think in general. Although much law reform happens as a response to pressure from one or more sources agencies such as the law commission are set up to deal with area of law referred to them by the government. The majority of law reform is carried out by parliament and is done in four ways. The first one is repeal, then creation, consolidation and finally codification.

Monetary Policy Financial Institutions and the Economy Essay

Monetary Policy Financial Institutions and the Economy - Essay Example These instruments are called Initial Public Offerings (IPO). The secondary market trades existing financial instruments through an exchange. Usually, these securities, investment instruments, have a financial history on which to be evaluated before an exchange accepts the securities for sale. Financial markets are further divided into money markets and capital markets. Money markets deal in securities with a maturity date within one year. Capital markets mature in longer time frames. Bonds are debts with a maturity date, the investor loaned the business money. A stock has no maturity date; the investor owns a portion of the business. Financial institutions move money from those with excess to those with shortage through financial instruments. Supply, investors, and demand, entrepreneurs, dictate the terms and conditions of the trades facilitated by the financial institution. Commercial banks, savings banks, formerly savings and loans, thrift institutions, securities traders and inves tment bankers, finance companies, mutual funds, insurance companies and pension funds all serve as financial institutions, but with differing regulations. The History and Current Role of the Federal Reserve System. Mayer (2001) defines a central bank as a bank of issue, meaning it creates currency to represent wealth. Many American patriots like Tom Payne and Tom Jefferson thought only state-chartered private banks should issue bank notes because governments that can pay bills by printing money generally did so.  

Annual Report in Corporate America Today Research Paper

Annual Report in Corporate America Today - Research Paper Example Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) was established in the year 1929 after the Great Depression and market crash of 1929-1930. The SEC Act in 1934 was passed in order to meet the fears of the investors and encourage them to invest in the stocks again. In this scenario, companies started preparing annual reports. SEC filings contain only the financial part, but the annual report also includes the non-financial performance of the company. It describes the organizational structure and the other internal aspects of the company so that the investors and shareholders can get a transparent picture of the company. The annual report was a push for corporate accountability. Purpose Annual report is a powerful tool for the shareholders and the investors because the information available in the annual report gives them a complete picture regarding the financial and the financial condition of the company. ...to present the true picture of the company in the external environment, so that the resu lts of the internal business functions are clear in front of the investors. In the turbulent economic situation, when most of the companies are becoming victims of insolvency, investors are apprehensive to take decisions. In such a situation it becomes important for a company to publish a detailed annual report. The significant amount of research studies have been conducted in the field of accounting information conveyed through the prices of securities of a company (Gonedes, and Dopuch, 1974). However, not much research studies have been undergone regarding the usefulness of financial statements for facilitating the decision-making process of investors of a company. In one of the research studies, it has been argued by Chang, Most, and Brain (1983) that the information that is present in the financial statements published by a company assist the investors for their investment decision purposes in a significant way. Merits and Demerits Annual report is an important document issued b y the company to reveal its financials at the end of the year. So this signifies that purpose of preparing the report is positive and for the advantage of the investors and shareholders. Moreover, there are lots of other information that play the significant role in analyzing the marketing aspect of the company such as the market share, position among the competitors, target customers of the company, etc. The report also includes a sustainability analysis of the company. Other than this, the community programs designed for delivering the social responsibility is also described with statistics, so that solid proof can be provided to the shareholders regarding the spending of the company.

PHL323 social and cutural theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PHL323 social and cutural theory - Essay Example One can infer from the writings of Benjamin, the idea of language from his point of view. Language was perceived as one of the forms of communication and the idea represented by that language was in no way identifiable with the language itself. To make it simpler, language was considered to be just a medium of communication. It was not a stand-alone system of knowledge as such, but rather a set of symbols that aid in representation of reality. A language was needed to possess inherent meaning. Language, then, became an entity, which existed only if it had a function, in his point of view. One arguable point here was the cases where there were possibilities that a language with grammar, syntax and vocabulary could exist without the function of a desire to communicate. Computer generated poetry and languages were the instances; the question arises whether they can be taken under Benjamin's definition of language without the function of communication or creativity. Computer languages ha d the requisite grammar, syntax and vocabulary and they were used as a set of instructions that were seemingly understood by the computer. Here, there is the case where a live, organic mind communicates with a non-organic entity. Further, the non-organic entity, besides being capable of understanding, was also able to generate the language understandable by an organic entity. Thus, the computer, which was just a box, was able to generate language to communicate. Computers can also communicate with each other, which had been made possible through the advancements in technology. This led to the case where two non-organic entities were able to communicate. In such cases, the meaning and the language were separable. There is also the instance where an organic entity is capable of generating a language without the purpose of communication. It is the uncommunicative language of a mentally ill person. Even though Benjamin clearly stated that language and what was described using a language were not identifiable, it also remained that he believed that language always should communicate something. If something was made, it should have a function and a meaning. If not, it really cannot exist. While considering the circumstance where one language did not make any sense to a person who does not know that language, the purpose of the language to communicate was lost. The language, even though possessed a grammar, syntax and vocabulary, did not mean anything to that person except being conceived as incoherent noise. Language in such cases negotiated with meaninglessness. Benjamin's idea of language extended to include inanimate objects such as lamps too. His idea of language of such objects was their linguistic being, but it was man who could name something other than him. In this context, man was the only entity that possessed the universal language. Thus, man's linguistic being was to name things. But, a language as such did not end with just naming. It was a tool that en abled creation and possession but it in itself was not so. Benjamin finally resorted to the theological ideas such as that of God being the true possessor and so on to arrive at the higher function of language. Many also conceived theology as a means of escape opted by Benjamin when he was not able to go beyond a certain limit about his conception of such mystical thoughts. In one of his works, "On Language as Such and the

Chromatography Lab Report

Chromatography Lab Report GC-1 (Gas Chromatography) Experiment 1, 2, 3 4 Experiment 1:- Determination of ethanol content of a mouthwash using an internal standard Experiment 2:- Determination of oxygenates in gasoline Experiment 3:- Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene) Experiment 4: Determination of volatile compounds by headspace analysis Anil Kumar Introduction Theory The experiments performed in this lab were based on Gas chromatography specifically gas-liquid chromatography. This technique involves a sample being vapourised and injected onto the head of the chromatographic column. The sample is transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile phase. The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid. GC: Schematic diagram (http://teaching.shu.ac.uk/hwb/chemistry/tutorials/chrom/gcdiag.gif ) In Experiment 1: the ethanol content in a mouthwash was determined. This was done by using an internal standard of butanol. Then, solutions of internal standard with unknown solution and ethanol were made and injected into the GC. The areas obtained for each compound were then used to calculate the % alcohol in the sample. In Experiment 2: ethanol content in gasoline mixture was calculated using a standard curve of ethanol made with pure ethanol. The gasoline mixture was extracted with water to extract the ethanol in it for further analysis by GC. The GC method is used industrially to find ethanol content in gasolines, plus oxygenates like butyl ether that can contaminate drinking water.. In Experiment 3: qualitative analysis of BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene) was performed by injecting pure solutions of these compounds in GC. The retention times obtained were recorded for each. In the second part, standard solutions of toluene and xylene were made and calibration curves were made for each. Next, the unknown sample of BTEX was injected to GC. The retention areas obtained were recorded and substituted in equations of standard curves to find the actual content of toluene and xylene in sample. In Experiment 4: the technique of headspace analysis was used to determine the volatile compounds in a contaminated soil sample. The soil sample was also deliberately contaminated with toluene and xylene and placed in a vial for 10 minutes. Then using a syringe, the headspace was sucked and injected to GC for performing a qualitative analysis (the retention times of BTEX from Experiment 3 were used). GC is continuing to be used in a number of fields as an analytical tool due to certain advantages like: Shorter run times Greater sample throughput Cheaper columns Higher signal to noise ratio Lower bleed (thinner films) High resolution power compared to others. Complex mixture can be resolved into its components by this GC method. The separation, determination and identification of many compounds withnegligibledifferences in boilingpoints is possible by this technique. Sensitivity in detection is very high with thermal conductivity detectors. One can detect upto 100 ppm, while flame detectors, electron capture and phosphorus detectors can detect ppm, parts per billion or picograms respectively. (http://www.sge.com/support/training/fast-gc-analysis/advantages-/-disadvantages-of-fast-gc) Some industrial applications of GC include: Identification and quantification of ubiquitous pollutants in the environment: analysis of various classes of persistent organic contaminants in air, water, soils, sediments and biota GC Analysis of Antioxidants Determination of ethanol in gasoline Analysis and quality assessment of alcoholic beverages – Quantitative and qualitative assessment of Alcohols in blood Aromatics (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) Flavors and Fragrances Permanent gases (H2, N2, O2, Ar, CO2, CO, CH4) Hydrocarbons Pesticides, Herbicides, PCBs, and Dioxins Solvents (http://www.med.cmu.ac.th/dept/vascular/alcho/research/res_out/Application%20of%20gas%20chromatography.pdf) As we can see, the varied applications of GC in industry and its advantages over other methods, performing of these GC experiments is industrially justified. Experiment 1:- Determination of ethanol content of a mouthwash using an internal standard Procedure The instrument was set to the following parameters: Injector temperature: 200 degree C Detector temperature: 250 degree C Oven temperature: 80 degree C Attenuation: between 4 and 16 Carrier gas pressure: 8-10 psi FID range: 1 Valve: Split 1 on Dilute the unknown ethanol sample and mouthwash provided with water in a 1:10 ratio. 10 ml of each was diluted to 100 ml in volumetric flask. Next, ethanol standard solution and butanol (internal standard) (each2 ml to 100 ml water) were made. Equal volumes of ethanol and internal standard were mixed. And equal volumes of sample solution and internal solution were made (each 5 ml). Now, three injections (0.3 uL each) were made of each of these solutions into the GC. From the chromatographs, the % of alcohol in sample were calculated. Observations, Calculations and Results Instrument: GC SST Instrument settings: Injector temperature: 200 degree C Detector temperature: 250 degree C Oven temperature: 80 degree C Attenuation: between 4 and 16 Carrier gas pressure: 8-10 psi FID range: 1 Valve: Split 1 on Solution Retention time Peak area Butanol 1.400 5452.57 Ethanol 0.700 3607.3 Butanol (I.S.) + Ethanol 1.400-Butanol (I.S) 0.700-Ethanol 2226.7 1341.9 Solution Retention time Peak area Int. Stan +Unknown ethanol sample Int. Stan- 1.383 Unknown ethanol Sample- 0.683 (Ethanol) 2878.8 874.3 Int. Stan + Mouthwash Int. Stan- 1.383 Mouthwash – 0.683 (Ethanol) 3373.4 2079.5 Using the formula, Rspl RI.S. = Cspl Rstd Cstd RI.S. where, R=response (peak area); spl=sample, I.S.=internal standard C= Concentration For Unknown ethanol sample, we have, Rspl = 874.3, R I.S= 2878.8, Rstd = 1341.9, R I.S. = 2226.7 Cstd = 2 % (From observation table # 1 2) Putting these values in equation, 874.3 / 2878.8 / 1341.9 / 2226.7 X 2 = Cspl On solving we get, Cspl = 1.00 % For mouthwash, we have, Rspl = 2079.5 , R I.S= 3373.4, Rstd = 1341.9, R I.S. = 2226.7 Cstd = 2 % (From observation table # 1 2) Putting these values in equation, 2079.5 /3373.4 / 1341.9 / 2226.7 X 2 = Cspl On solving we get, Cspl = 0.98 % So, % alcohol in Mouthwash is = 0.98 % in Unknown ethanol sample = 1.00 % Experiment 2:- Determination of oxygenates in gasoline Procedure Develop a set of operating conditions that will satisfactorily separate ethanol from hexane. To do this equal volume of hexane and ethanol in a small vial were combined and injected. Inject this mixture into GC and ensure two resolved peaks. Inject pure hexane to establish its identity. The oven temperature was decreased from 80 degree C to 70 and then to 60 degrees C to separate the two peaks. Prepare ethanol standards: 0.2 ml, 0.5 ml, 1.0 ml and 2.0 ml in 25 ml DI water. Concentration, 0.2 ml = 0.2/25 = 0.008 %, 0.5 ml = 0.5/25 = 0.02 % 1.0 ml = 1.0/25 = 0.04 % 2.0 ml = 2.0/25 = 0.08 % These standards were injected into GC and a calibration curve was prepared using the peak area data obtained. The unknown gasoline sample (Unknown Sample D: Ethanol in hexane) was taken and 5.0 of it was transferred to a vial. 5.0 ml of water was added and mixed thoroughly in the vial. It was allowed to stand for 5 minutes. The water layer was taken using a Pasteur pipette and injected into GC. The % ethanol was determined using calibration curve data and peak area data from step 5. Observations, Calculations and Results Instrument: GC SST Instrument settings: Injector temperature: 200 degree C Detector temperature: 250 degree C Oven temperature: 60 degree C (Earlier 80 degree C and 70 degree C) Attenuation: between 4 and 16 Carrier gas pressure: 8-10 psi FID range: 1 Valve: Split 1 on Solution Oven temperature (in degree C) Retention time Pure Hexane 60 0.500 Hexane + Ethanol 80 Hexane: 0.483 Ethanol: 0.683 (Less resolved peaks) Hexane + Ethanol 70 Hexane: 0.483 Ethanol: 0.750 (Better resolved peaks) Hexane + Ethanol 60 Hexane: 0.500 Ethanol: 0.916 (well resolved peaks) Solution Peak Area Standard 0.008 %, 2186.8 Standard 0.02 % 3509.9 Standard 0.04 % 5296.3 Standard 0.08 % 8746.5 Sample (1st Injection) Sample (2nd Injection) 1982.2 2138.1 Calculating % of ethanol in sample Equation of line from standard curve : y = 89994x + 1605.1 where, y = peak area, x = concentration of ethanol in % From Observation table # 3 we have, Area of sample = 1982.2 and 2138.1 Putting these values in equation in place of y we get, 1982.1 = 89994x + 1605.1 2138.1 = 89994x + 1605.1 On solving for x we get, x = 0.00418 % and x = 0.00592 % Averaging the two values, we get x = 0.00505 % So, the % of ethanol in the given Unknown Ethanol in Hexane Sample D is 0.00505 %. Experiment 3:- Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene) Procedure Part A: Qualitative Analysis Take 1 ml each of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene in separate vials. Run the individual standards and record the retention times. Part B: Quantitative analysis Prepare a series of standard of toluene and para-xylene using hexane as a solvent. Make 2,4,6,8 and 10 % solutions of each of toluene and para-xylene in 50 ml volumetric flasks. For 2 %= 1 ml each of toluene or para-xylene (separate), for 4 % = 2ml For 6 % = 3 ml, for 8 % = 4 ml, and for 10 % = 5 ml to 50 ml with hexane. Prepare a calibration curve based on the peaks area data obtained. Analyse an unknown sample of BTEX provided and find the % of toluene and para-xylene in it using the standard curve data. Observations, Calculations and Results Instrument: GC SST Instrument settings: Injector temperature: 200 degree C Detector temperature: 250 degree C Oven temperature: 80 degree C Attenuation: between 4 and 16 Carrier gas pressure: 8-10 psi FID range: 1 Solution Retention time Chlorobenzene 3.866 Ethylbenzene 2.016 p-xylene 1.400 o-xylene 4.133 Toluene 1.500 From individual injections of hexane, toluene and xylene, it was seen that that the retention times for each of these were 0.500, 0.933 and 1.550 respectively. Solution Peak Area Toluene 2 % 939.8 Toluene 4 % 1254.0 Toluene 6 % 1987.6 Toluene 8 % 2260.2 Toluene 10 % 3210.0 Para-xylene 2 % 455.8 Para-xylene 4 % 985.0 Para-xylene 6 % 1168.1 Para-xylene 8 % 1791.5 Para-xylene 10 % 2222.9 Sample Run 1 Sample Run 2 10500 (Rt = 0.733) 863 (Rt = 1.600) 2966 (Rt = 0.733) 181 (Rt = 1.600) From the sample analysis, we find that the two biggest peaks are seen at Rt = 0.733. This value neither corresponds to value of Rt for toluene (around 0.900) nor xylene (around 1.350). So we cannot identify or quantitate them. The other peak (although small) which is seen occurs at Rt = 1.600 is close to Rt for xylene (Rt for 10 % xylene is 1.600). So this peak would be for xylene. We can find its concentration by making a standard curve for xylene from the data in Observation table # 7. Calculating amount of xylene in sample. From the standard curve (Graph # 2), we have the equation of line y = 217.04x + 22.45 where, y = peak area, x = concentration of ethanol in % From Observation table # 7 we have, Area of sample = 863 and 181 Putting these values in equation in place of y we get, 863 = 217.04x + 22.45 181 = 217.04x + 22.45 On solving for x we get, x = 3.87 % and x = 0.73 % Averaging the two values, we get x = 2.30 % Therefore, the sample (Unknown B) contains 2.30 % of xylene and no toluene. Experiment 4: Determination of volatile compounds by headspace analysis Procedure Soil was taken in a sealed vial and 1-2 drops each of toluene and p-xylene were added to it. Let the sample rest in the vial for about 10 minutes so that the volatile components gather in the headspace of the vial. After 10 minutes, using a syringe, suck out 0.3uL of the headspace keeping in mind that the syringe doesn’t touch the soil sample itself and headspace sample is taken from just the midway of the vial. Inject this to the GC. Perform duplicate injections if both components can not be seen at one go. Observations, Calculations and Results Instrument: GC SST Instrument settings: Injector temperature: 200 degree C Detector temperature: 250 degree C Oven temperature: 80 degree C Attenuation: between 4 and 16 Carrier gas pressure: 8-10 psi FID range: 1 Sample Retention time Compound present Soil Sample 1 1.033 1.533 Toluene P-Xylene Soil Sample 2 1.050 1.483 Toluene P-Xylene From Observation Table # 7, last experiment, we know retention times of both toluene and p-xylene. They were 0.950 and 1.550. So on comparing these Rts with the Rts obtained in these chromatograms, we can identify the peaks as toluene or xylene as done in Observation Table # 8. So, using headspace analysis, Toluene and p-xylene could be identified in the soil sample. Discussion and Conclusion In this lab, using the technique of Gas Chromatography, four different experiments were performed. In Experiment 1: the ethanol content in a mouthwash was determined. This was done by using an internal standard of butanol. Then, solutions of internal standard with unknown solution and ethanol were made and injected into the GC. The areas obtained for each compound were then used to calculate the % alcohol in the sample. The amount of ethanol present in the unknown solution of ethanol was found to be 1.00 % and the ethanol content in mouthwash was found to be 0.98%. In Experiment 2: ethanol content in gasoline mixture was calculated using a standard curve of ethanol made with pure ethanol (An unknown ethanol in hexane sample was used). The gasoline mixture was extracted with water to extract the ethanol in it for further analysis by GC. The amount of ethanol that was found to be present in this sample was 0.00505%. Firstly, we injected pure hexane and ethanol to find out their retention times and then an equal mixture was injected to see if the two peaks can be resolved or not. After doing this, the experiment was performed. The calculations for determining the % of ethanol were based on equation that was derived from the standard curve from ethanol standards. The value of peak area obtained in the chromatogram for the unknown sample was substituted in the equation from standard curve to find the ethanol concentration. This GC method is even used industrially to find ethanol content in gasolines, plus oxygenates like butyl ether that can contaminate drinking water. In Experiment 3: qualitative analysis of BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene) was performed by injecting pure solutions of these compounds in GC. The retention times obtained were recorded for each. In the second part, quantitative analysis of toluene and p-xylene was done. Standard solutions of toluene and xylene were made and calibration curves were made for each. Next, the unknown sample of BTEX was injected to GC. The retention areas obtained were recorded and substituted in equations of standard curves to find the actual content of toluene and xylene in sample. It was found that the unknown sample had not retention that matched with the retention times of toluene which was close to 0.9550. No peaks were seen at this retention times even on duplicate runs of the sample. So it is concluded that the sample had no toluene in it. Nevertheless, a peak for xylene was seen (determined by comparing the Rt with the Rt of toluene from Experiment 3). A standard curve was made from the data obtained by running xylene standards. Now with the equation of calibration curve and the peak area of sample for xylene, the concentration of xylene present in the sample was calculated. It was found to contain 2.30 % xylene. In Experiment 4: the technique of headspace analysis was used to determine the volatile compounds in a contaminated soil sample. The soil sample was deliberately contaminated with toluene and xylene and placed in a vial for 10 minutes. Then using a syringe, the headspace was sucked and injected to GC for performing a qualitative analysis (the retention times of BTEX from Experiment 3 were used). The peaks for both toluene and xylene could be detected by GC. This conclusion was based on the fact that the peaks had comparable retention times as toluene and xylene. To conclude, we can say that we used GC for quantitative analysis like analysis of BTEX in chemicals, food, etc. or BTEX in soil. And qualitative analysis like determination of ethanol content in gasoline, mouthwash, etc. References Page # 67-73 Chromatography Laboratory Manual, Durham College 2012 Advantages of GC http://www.sge.com/support/training/fast-gc-analysis/advantages-/-disadvantages-of-fast-gc) Industrial applications of GC (http://www.med.cmu.ac.th/dept/vascular/alcho/research/res_out/Application%20of%20gas%20chromatography.pdf)